Curt flood :: essays research papers

Abrupt Flood was as critical to the financial privileges of ballplayers as Jackie Robinson was to breaking the shading obstruction. A three-time All-Star and seven-time victor of the Gold Glove for his cautious ability in focus field, Flood hit more than .300 six times during a 15-year significant group vocation that started in 1956. Twelve of those seasons were spent wearing the uniform of the St. Louis Cardinals. After the 1969 season, the Cardinals endeavored to exchange Flood, at that point 31 years old, to the Philadelphia Phillies, which set moving his memorable test of baseball’s notorious "reserve clause." The save provision was that piece of the standard player’s contract which bound the player, each year in turn, in interminability to the club possessing his agreement. Flood had no enthusiasm for moving to Philadelphia, a city he had consistently seen as supremacist ("the nation’s northernmost southern city"), however more significantly, he questioned being treated as a bit of property and to the limitation of opportunity inserted in the save proviso. Flood was completely mindful of the social significance of his disobedience to the baseball foundation. A long time later, he clarified, "I surmise you truly need to comprehend who that individual, who that Curt Flood was. I’m an offspring of the sixties, I’m a man of the sixties. During that timeframe this nation was breaking into pieces. We were in Southeast Asia. Great men were biting the dust for America and for the Constitution. In the southern piece of the United States we were walking for social equality and Dr. Lord had been killed, and we lost the Kennedys. What's more, to feel that only in light of the fact that I was an expert baseball player, I could overlook what was happening beyond Busch Stadium was really bad faith and now I found that those rights that these extraordinary Americans were kicking the bucket for, I didn’t have in my own profession." With the support of the Players Association and with previous U.S. Incomparable Court Justice Arthur Goldberg contending for his sake, Flood sought after the case known as Flood v. Kuhn (Commissioner Bowie Kuhn) from January 1970 to June 1972 at area, circuit, and Supreme Court levels. In spite of the fact that the Supreme Court at last managed against Flood, maintaining baseball’s exception from antitrust resolutions, the case set up for the 1975 Messersmith-McNally decisions and the approach of free organization. The budgetary and enthusiastic expenses to Flood because of his phenomenal test of the hold condition were huge.

History and Comparison of American Musicals

History and Comparison of American Musicals Ideal world is a perfect world state where everything which happens is great and there are no negative feelings like pity, outrage or envy to exist in it. The world is great and has each circumstance settled in the most agreeable way conceivable. Deliberately, or unwittingly, the human brain endeavors towards flawlessness to make a perfect world-an ideal world for itself. In any case, all things considered, this is absurd and this prompts a large number of feelings like pity, frustration, outrage, and so forth which is something contrary to what an individual in ideal world should feel like. To bring back this feeling of perfect world even incidentally, people began anticipating the deliberately developed perfect world through diversion, for example, theater, films, musicals and so forth. In this paper, I will look at the movies Singing in the Rain by Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen and Meet Me in St. Louis by Vincette Minnelli as instances of exemplary American musicals against Moulin Rouge and Romeo + Juliet by Baz Luhrmann as instances of contemporary American musicals based on whether they fulfill the possibility of musicals being a type of getaway into utopianism. Initially, I will utilize Rick Altmans The American Film Musical, which has spread out a significant number models for a standard American melodic to break down these movies and guarantee they fulfill those rules. Additionally, I will concentrate on Utopianism by utilizing Richard Dyer, in Only Entertainment. Two of the underestimated portrayals of amusement, as departure and as wish-satisfaction, point to its main purpose, to be specific utopianism. (Dyer, Chapter 3, Pg. 18) By utilizing diversion, people can run away to the domain of ideal world however this domain isn't created by utilizing models of idealistic universes, rather it is delivered with sentiments and feelings. Dyer guarantees that, It along these lines works at the degree of reasonableness, by which I mean a full of feeling code that is normal for, and generally explicit to, a given method of social creation. This code utilizes both illustrative and non-authentic signs. (Dyer, Chapter 3, Pg. 18) Utilizing Dyers words, I will likewise attempt to dissect the authentic and non-illustrative indications of the movies referenced previously. Meet me in St. Louis is an American melodic which was discharged in 1944 with a genuinely straightforward storyline which focusses on an upper working class family with their four little girls and a child. It is situated in St. Louis, Missouri in the year paving the way to the 1904 Worlds Fair and experiences the battles this family faces and how they beat them together. The American film melodic is known to have a double center story. As Altman says, in The American Film Musical, Rather than focussing all its enthusiasm on a solitary focal character, following the direction of her advancement, the American movie melodic has a double center, worked around equal stars of other gender and drastically disparate qualities. This double center structure requires the watcher to be touchy less to order and movement for the result of the male/female match is totally customary and therefore very unsurprising however to concurrence and correlation. (Altman, Chapter II, Pg. 19) Altman likewise says, While the conventional way to deal with account accept that structure becomes out of plot, the double center structure of the American film melodic gets from character (Altman, Chapter II, Pg. 21) In Meet Me in St. Louis, there is a double center story. The plot spins around the whole family, focussing for the most part on Esther and her relationship and the updates on the familys abrupt move to New York. By exposing these accounts to concurrence and examination, we can see that they are reliant as the story of the family moving endlessly undermines the recently discovered connections of Esther and her other relatives Esther and John, Rose and Warren, the guardians with their children. Additionally, this is putting Esthers love for her family and her beau against one another. With respect to structure getting from character, the film is organized such that the character Esther and her victory for her affection possesses the initial segment of the film and this is followed up by the unexpected declaration of her familys move to New York by her dad. This is done to guarantee the diversion factor is as yet present by making mellow pressure, as the essential objective is accomplis hed and the watchers shouldnt lose intrigue. Singing in the Rain additionally holds fast to the guideline of double story as there are various stories or ways for both the male and female heroes. The film depicts the battle of American film studios and their progress from the quiet movies to the talkies. The male hero, Don Lockwood (Gene Kelly), is a quiet film entertainer with humble causes, who attempts to endure and hold his place in the film business during the change. The female hero, Kathy Selden (Debbie Reynolds), is a hopeful stage on-screen character who is utilized by Lina Lamont to be her voice behind the stage yet she at long last is given credit and her profession thrives. There are opposite side stories which tie into the primary accounts, the most observable one being the story of Lina Lamont, which fills a similar need as the account of the family moving ceaselessly to New York in Meet Me in St. Louis-to introduce an issue which when explained, reinforces the current stories, or give a perfect end to the account s. These two primary stories are interwoven at the same time and features the logical inconsistencies between the effectively acclaimed craftsman and the recently thriving craftsman (Don Lockwood and Kathy Selden), popularity and notoriety (Don Lockwood and Lina Lamont), loathe went to adore (on account of Kathy Selden), and so on. These inconsistencies are settled by the fundamental characters beginning to look all starry eyed at and this purposes or invigorates these characters the to determine their contentions. The structure is certainly gotten from character, particularly from Don Lockwood, whose account dominates Kathy Seldens story. All the melodic numbers center around Lockwood and his feelings, or makes him the explanation behind the commencement of the tune as on account of Cosmo Browns Make Em Laugh or the last melodic number named by Kathy Selden for Lina Lamont. Moulin Rouge! furthermore, Romeo + Juliet are the two musicals coordinated by Baz Luhrmann and discharged in 2001 and 1996 individually. they are both contemporary musicals and they follow the double story way, focussing on the male and female heroes and their stories feature the distinctions in their character, for example, opportunity and imprisonment, love and cash as on account of Moulin Rouge! what's more, love and detest, life and passing as on account of Romeo + Juliet. Concerning the structure of these two musicals-Moulin Rouge! focusses on Christians character as the melodic beginnings and closures with him and he is the storyteller of the situations which develop. Satines story is entwined with Christians and her account is really the reason for the start of Christians story, in this way framing an endless circle. On account of Romeo + Juliet, it is a free adjustment on the play by Shakespeare, utilizing discoursed from the play itself. The account is driven by Romeos chara cter however it is offset by Juliets story also. All these four movies can be named American film musicals but there are contrasts in the manner perfect world is depicted by these movies. The movies Singing in the Rain and Meet Me in St. Louis achieve a perfect world as far as setting (authentic) and sentiments (non-illustrative) utilizing different components one of them being the melodic numbers. In Singing in the Rain, the world it has made is practical as the film is based far and wide of film and arranged in the period of progress from quiet movies to talkies. The idealistic component is delivered by the numbers which give another domain where the characters can act naturally and express their emotions with no difficulties. Dyer says, perfect world is certain in the realm of the story and just as in the realm of numbers (Dyer, 1992). At the point when a character breaks into melody, as in the scene where Don Lockwood admits his adoration to Kathy Selden (You were intended for me). Dyer says, We are moved by music, yet it has the least evident reference to reality-the force of our reaction to it must be represented by the way music, conceptual, formal however it is, still encapsulates feeling. (Dyer, 1992). The admission scene is deliberately developed by Lockwood and described by him, which makes it appear to be sensible, not normal for the other melodic numbers, and this includes to the force of sentiments the tune gives the crowd. Power, as indicated by Dyer, is the limit of diversion to introduce either mind boggling or unsavory sentiments (for example inclusion in close to home or political occasions; desire, loss of adoration, rout) such that causes them to appear to be straightforward, immediate and distinctive, not qualified or equivocal as everyday life makes them, and without impersonations of self-misleading and falsification. (Dyer, 1992) The symphonic non-diegetic music additionally includes to the force as the two characters move, with Lockwood urging Selden to hit the dance floor with him lastly through the music, move and verses, their shared affections for one another gets passed on to one another. As the camera works out toward the finish of the number, the idealistic setting and the vaporous lights are complemented, adding the last contacts to the sensible perfect world made by this number. Another scene accused of such emotions is Don Lockwoods Singing in the Rain, the title tune. The practical setting is done through the diegetic downpour going with the whole tune. The symphonic parts now and again muffle the downpours sound yet it is still ever present out of sight. The enthusiastic music and the move of Lockwood rises above through to the crowd and they can feel his feelings through this number. This idealistic number reaches a conclusion with the interference of the cop where Lock

New Haven

New Haven New Haven, city (1990 pop. 130,474), New Haven co., S Conn., a port of entry where the Quinnipiac and other small rivers enter Long Island Sound; inc. 1784. Firearms and ammunition, clocks and watches, tools, rubber and paper products, and textiles are among the many manufactures, and the city serves as a major port for petroleum products. The city is an educational center, being the seat of Yale Univ. and its allied institutions and of Albertus Magnus College and Southern Connecticut State Univ. New Haven was founded in 1637â€"38 by Puritans led by Theophilus Eaton and John Davenport. It was one of the first planned communities in America and was the chief town of a colony that later included Milford, Guilford, Stamford, Branford, and Southold (on Long Island). Its government was theocratic; religion was a test for citizenship, and life was regulated by strict rules (see blue laws ). In 1665 the colony was reluctantly united with Connecticut; it was joint capital with Hartford from 1701 to 1875. In the late 18th and early 19th cent., New Haven was a thriving port. Manufacturing grew, and New Haven firearms, hardware, coaches, and carriages became famous products. New Haven was raided by a British and Tory force in the American Revolution , and the port was blockaded during the War of 1812. The world's first commercial telephone exchange was established there in 1879. Since the 1950s, New Haven has received national attention for its pioneering urban renewal projects. The nation's first antipoverty program began there in 1962. Despite these improvements, the city suffered a serious race riot in 1967. New Haven's manufacturing-based economy has since declined, and by 1990 manufacturing employed less than 20% of city's workforce. The city centers upon a large public green, dating from 1680, on which stand three churches built between 1812 and 1816â€"Center and United churches (both Congregational) and Trinity Church (Episcopal). Many old buildings hav e been preserved, and there is a historic district. Landmarks in the city are two traprock cliffsâ€"West Rock, with the Judges' Cave, and East Rock. Noah Webster and Eli Whitney lived and are buried in the city. See R. G. Osterweis, Three Centuries of New Haven, 1638â€"1938 (1953); N. W. Polsby, Community, Power, and Political Theory (1980). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Essay on Personal Narrative My Mistake - 566 Words

Although high school was over for me in June 2009, I still think about the memories of my freshman, sophomore, and junior years. In these first three years of my high school experience I did not participate in school activities except drama club and a beauty pageant. I regret my decision of not participating in clubs, or going to the sport games, and not attending events in school. I would go back and change this decision for many reasons. Not participating in school resulted in me not meeting as many classmates as I could have. Also, it became hard for me to fill out college applications, because I did not have anything to state in the school activities section. Finally, not participating in school for the first three years will result in†¦show more content†¦By going to these events it would have game me ammunition to expand my social circle. Participating in school events would have allowed me to interact with the classmates. For example, if I had attended a fundraising e vent that allows group effort I could strike up a conversation with a classmate. Being involved with many activities would have allowed me to meet new and fun people. Furthermore, some high school students dread the process of applying to colleges in their senior year. I to had to go through this long process, but I feel as though it was harder for me to fill out the college applications. Contained in a college application is a section for the applicant to list their accomplishments and school activities for the admission office to view. However, I could list my accomplishments during my high school years, but I did not have anything to write in the school activities section except for drama and runner up in a beauty pageant. As a result, I did not get accepted into as many colleges as I could have with the addition of school activities. In addition, high school memories are suppose to stay with us forever. We remember the things we did in high school through a yearbook or simply pa ssing down our experiences orally. Unfortunately, I do not have as many memories to share with my family during my first three years of high school due to lack or participation. The only memories I could share is making an A on school work or accepting anShow MoreRelatedPersonal Narrative: Learning From My Mistakes Essay947 Words   |  4 Pagescan’t do this anymore, it’s ruining my life†. Many of my friends have started smoking cigarettes while drinking at a very young age, and continue to use this drug currently and don’t realize the affect it has on their future. While I have been smart enough to avoid smoking, I haven’t been as wise at making decisions when it comes to drinking. The amount of partying I’ve done in college has taken over my life, and has had a huge impact on my grades. Changing my drinking habits and continuing to avoidRead MorePersonal Reflection1050 Words   |  5 PagesEducation Student Outlines, and it was evident wh ile revising my first project, the personal narrative. The first objective was â€Å"Students will identify and apply multiple approaches to the study of language, usage, grammar, diction, and style of standard written English.† In the course, I definitely had to approach the study of language in multiple different ways. I learned about many different writing styles, from the personal narrative of Project One, to the research intensive academic paper ofRead MoreIllness Narrative Essay929 Words   |  4 PagesMy Illness Narrative Sharing and listening to the illness narratives in class is an experience that I do not think I could ever forget. Listening to people share their raw emotions and stories of struggle and illness was eye opening, My own illness narrative could be described as a quest narrative and more specifically an automythology. This is because as I stated in my presentation, I became a better person, adopted skills that helped me deal with my father’s illness, understood what it is likeRead MoreFor Many Human Beings, It Is Natural To Go Through Multiple1714 Words   |  7 Pages For many human beings, it is natural to go through multiple partners throughout our lifespans. As we go through these relationships, we learn many important lessons from our past mistakes and improve on them. Sometimes we even go to songs for guidance and find meaning to these emotions that we feel after these breakups. Often to remedy this,we go to the songs that speak to us the most as â€Å"Lyrics lend people an alternative means for finding words to convey their otherwise inaccessible memories, emotionsRead MoreI Was Never A School For Me890 Words   |  4 Pagesme. It seemed so boring to me compared to manipulating numbers and learning about the processes occurring in the world around me. Although, I disliked writing, I was never a bad writer in school throughout my educational career I had always received A’s on essays even in honors and AP classes. My main problem occurred with timed essays because I do not like being rushed when I’m writing, especially when i’m expected to create a nuanced idea to support. When placed into writing 1 I was very disappointedRead MoreReflection Paper1022 Words   |  5 Pageswritten essay. By using the learning objectives exemplified in the class I was able to write multiple well written papers. The first writing assignment was a literacy narrative. This narrative did not ask for much, but to write a brief anecdote about my first week of college. I was so nervous to write this essay because it was my first college paper to write and the prompt did not ask for much. Usually, in high school, teachers told you exactly what they wanted and what they expected from you. ButRead MorePersonal Narrative : A Semester Of Learning959 Words   |  4 PagesLearning Since my early high school days, teachers have preached to me on the importance of writing in my future college classes and career. With each year came a further development of my writing and the addition of tools that I could add to my arsenal. I learned when to be creative and when to be strictly fundamental. I learned when to write formally and when to write informally. Year after year, I was taught the different forms of writing such as a research paper, a narrative, and a persuasiveRead MoreMy First Year Experience Program1134 Words   |  5 Pageswasn’t high expectations at my previous school of good writing techniques and correct uses of writing tools. During the course of this semester I became a stronger writer and well prepared for the rest of my college career here at Pacific Lutheran University by improving my vocabulary, being more descriptive and altering my writing process to be more successful. The Writing 101 assignment that I have chosen best demonstrates my progress as a writer is our Personal Narrative Essay. Though this was ourRead MorePublic Speaking Speech925 Words   |  4 PagesEach speech throughout public speaking was delivered by the use of unique speaking styles and techniques. I felt the speeches delivered- personal narrative, redefinition, advocacy, and commemorative- built on each other. This allowed myself as well as other students to effectively use old speaking techniques while learning to adapt new techniques. The goal of these various speaking techniques was to keep the attention of the audience while trying to get the overall message of the speech across. AlthoughRead MoreMy First Time Making A Career Goal1516 Words   |  7 Pagesand most importantly, I learned how to improve my writing skills and how this course changed my perception of English and apply it in the future. I have gained so much knowledge about writing in this class and it made a gr eat impact on my skills. These lessons I have learned in this class has been very beneficial and I will carry these lessons in the future. The first essay we did in this course is about narrative essay and the topic I had chosen was my first time making a career goal. There are many

The Prevalence Of The Abuse Of Alcohol Among The Female...

The misuse of alcohol by the female population This assignment will discuss and evaluate the prevalence of the abuse of alcohol among the female population. It will show the reasons for this behaviour and assess the effects of the misuse on this group of people. Prevention and harm reduction will be evaluated and the philosophy and theory which forms the basis of treatments will also be analysed. Previously, it was the case that men were much more likely to abuse alcohol, as they were much higher consumers. However, in the past few decades, alcohol consumption by women in the UK and other countries has increased greatly. Although it has stabilised over the last few years in the UK, most women who use alcohol drink more than the recommended limit. This is especially the case in teenage girls with the likelihood of binge drinking as high as teenage boys. Women in professional jobs are another group that has seen large rises in alcohol consumption (Institute of Alcohol Studies, 2013). And, according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2015) around five million women in the United States are threatening their health by drinking dangerously high levels of alcohol. Culture and ethnicity have a great effect on whether women drink alcohol, and to what extent. 14% of white British women reported drinking on 5 days a week or more whereas only 2% of Asian and Asi an British women drank, with none of them reporting having consumedShow MoreRelatedMost Common Means Of Suicide Among Military Veterans1469 Words   |  6 PagesActive Duty Service Members. Traditionally, the U.S. military has faced lower suicide rates compared to their civilian counterparts. However, the suicide rate among active duty military personnel has increased in the last decade, almost doubling in the Army and Marine Corps. Unlike the low active duty suicide rates of Vietnam, OEF/OIF active duty suicide rates are at near record highs (McCarl, 2013). Once again, it is believed that multiple deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan is one of the culpritsRead MoreDepression Is Predictive Of Substance Abuse Outcomes788 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch further suggests that depression is predictive of substance abuse outcomes. In a study done by Sihlova (2008), suggested early onset of depressive disorders predicted multiple substance use outcomes, including frequent alcohol use, and frequent daily smoking from a sample of 1545 adolescent twins assessed at baseline age 14, and then again at age 17.5. Moreover, depression was found to be a risk factor for smoking in females but not males. Fleming et al. 2008 also suggested that depressiveRead MoreAlcohol Use Among Veterans And The Military Essay1436 Words   |  6 Pages Alcohol Use Among Veterans and the Military Alcohol use and abuse is prevalent among members of the United States military as well as among the veteran population. Binge and heavy drinking is commonplace among the military and veterans. Veterans and members of the active duty military face a unique set of challenges when compared to the civilian population. There is a trend of combat exposure leading to a higher risk to abuse alcohol. For over a decadeRead MoreMental Health Is A State Of Complete Physical, Mental, And Social Environment Essay1443 Words   |  6 Pagesper 1000 population and the population effected is around 60 to 70 million. Accoding to studies done in Britain, depression is more common in women (National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2003) whereas alcohol and drug dependence is more common in men (The Office for National Statistics Psychiatric Morbidity report, 2001). National comorbidity survey: Prevalence rates of selected disorders (Kessler et al., 1994) The prevalence of mental illness in rate per 1000 is higher among women acrossRead MoreThe Population Of Hurricane Katrina Essay1437 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment responds to natural disasters with thorough preparation and planning. The federal, state, and local levels of government do this in an effort to help reduce injury and property damage as well as ensure the overall safety of the general population. The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season saw the costliest and one of the deadliest storms in United States history. This storm was Hurricane Katrina. Hurricane Katrina displaced of an estimated 645,000 Louisiana citizens (Cepeda, Valdez, Kaplan, HillRead MoreDrug And Alcohol Abuse Treatment Programs2241 Words   |  9 Pagescriteria for a substance use disorder (SUD) at some point across their lifespan (Statistics Canada, 2012). In addition, three-quarters of all women in drug and alcohol abuse treatment programs report being sexually abused (Najavits, Weiss Shaw, 1997), and abou t one-quarter of the men (Ouimette, Kimerling, Shaw Moos, 2000). Childhood abuse has been shown to be a significant risk factor in adolescent and adult substance use, and this relationship tends to be more substantial in women as apposed toRead MoreEssay about The United States Homeless Population879 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction In the United States the homeless population continues to grow rapidly. Homelessness has been a public health issue for many decades. Often times these individuals feel as though society has turned a blind eye to them. This at risk population is seen by society as lazy or chose to live a life on the streets, but if one would examine this population closely would see that there is more to this at risk population than what society has labeled them as. The forces, which affect homelessnessRead More Eating Disorders and Alcohol Abuse Essay2965 Words   |  12 PagesEating Disorders and Alcohol Abuse The relationship between eating disorders and alcoholism has become a widely researched topic only in the last fifteen years. Since 1985, there have been an increasing number of research and case studies substantiating a correlation between these two behavioral and addictive disorders. Alcoholism affects nearly 14 million United States citizens (http://silk.nih.gov/silk/niaaa1/publication/booklet.htm ). The four basic elements of this disease include a cravingRead MoreAlcohol Consumption By Underage Drinkers1645 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom peers. The media, and influence from family and peers can make alcohol seem attractive, relaxing, and fun when in reality the negative consequences that entail are much deeper than what’s displayed on the surface. This paper will discuss in depth the issue of alcohol and the impact it has on adolescents. Alcohol consumption by underage drinkers has and will continue to be a problem within our society. Adolescents view alcohol as a way of risk taking deviant behavior in order to rebel againstRead MoreDistribution of Depression Amongst Young Australians Essay1547 Words   |  7 Pagesexperience depression in their lifetime (Beyond Blue, 2014). The burden of disease gives an indication of of the loss of health and well being of Australians due to each disease (ABS, 2010). Depression and anxiety is the leading cause of burden among females, accounting for 10% of burden while it is the third leading cause for men, accounting for 4.8% (AIHW, 2003) (This was the most recent information found). Depression can affect all age groups but generally first starts to appear in adolescence

Documenting Primary school teaching in Mumbai (India) Free Essays

Introduction A century ago, when we look back at the educational situation, it can be seen that the concept of ‘primary education’ was not seeded in the minds of the people. Mist of the countries focussed on education as knowing of their religious needs rather than a preparation for one’s active life. Only in 19th century did most countries make primary education compulsory and people began regarding education as a right (Amrung Gerald, 1999). We will write a custom essay sample on Documenting Primary school teaching in Mumbai (India) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Children usually enrol in primary schools by the age of 6 and it evolves as a five-year cycle and primary education forms as a basis for all further education and schooling and it is also the foundation to cope with the changing world and society (Pollard Bourne, 1995). India’s primary education is like a glass which is two-third full and one third empty having 67 million children aged 6 to 10 years attending primary schooling but 28 to 32 million children who are not (World Bank Publication, 1997). Millions of young children hailing from lower socio-economic, comprising nearly 40% never complete their primary schooling and those who can have to face a number of problems like poor qualified teachers, very high teacher-student ratio, inadequate teaching materials (Saxena, 2005). All these factors contribute to low quality of education that imparts only little or no learning. Teachers teaching in primary schools account for the largest steadily growing profession in India, wit h nearly 2.8 million primary and upper primary teachers employed in the year 2000 (Tilak, 1995) It is rightly said ‘upon the teacher rests the school’; the ‘teacher’ becomes the prime revitalizing force and plays a pivotal role in the education system. Good teacher is the one who is T- thoughtful, E- Enthusiastic, A-Ambitious, C- Creative, H- Having high dignity, E- Executiveness and R- Reliability and it is the teacher who helps the child to build his self-concept (Devasenathipati, 2001). According to Miyan Rastogi (2005), a primary school teacher can be called as ‘competent’ only when she/he has a varied range of knowledge in all spheres and skills to achieve her/his goals. Primary schooling is very complex as teachers introduce the children to mathematics, science, language and other social studies which can be very tough and boring for the children, so the onus likes in the hand of the teacher to make all these subjects interesting by using various techniques of teaching like games, music, books etc (Richardson Stop, 1998). ‘A unique human being- the teacher’ who has to play multiple roles; of a listener, leader, psychological diagnostician etc and requires her/his total self, the personal and professional side to shape the personality of the child (Spodek, 1972). In India till the 18th century, education was confined to conventional beliefs and thoughts. It was only later when great thinkers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy felt the urgency to introduce an ‘institution for training teachers’ to help the students cope with the changing educational system around the world (Saxena, 2005). Cheng (1996) commented that â€Å"A teacher with ‘low educational efficacy’ believes that education cannot affect student’s performance, whereas a teacher with ‘high educational efficacy’ believes that education does positively affect learning outcomes. High educational efficacy has been constantly correlated with child centred (developmentally appropriate) environments and positive student outcomes†. Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP) is a term coined by the ‘National Association for the Education of Young Children’ which talks about the teaching techniques that identify and foster the developmen tal needs of children (Bredekamp, 1997). Documenting these practices which can be named as ‘best practices’ will help teachers to enhance their skills and help them improve for the better, at the same time documentation will also prove as a link between the teaching fraternities globally giving birth to more systematic and educational system along with this it will be a boon for the upcoming generation of teachers to adopt these protocols. Hypothesis Rationale Many a time’s teachers are criticised for not doing their best in schools. There could be many reasons; either it could be ineffectiveness of the teacher or lack of resources. Hence it will be very useful to identify the best/healthy practices carried out by teachers with or without resources. This study will help in knowing and understanding the teacher’s effectiveness in primary schools and documenting the best practices so that other teachers who work under similar circumstances with similar goals and constraints get an idea of effective teaching. The teachers will be observed, recorded and documented in 4 areas: Teacher as a Person, Teacher as a Professional, Teacher’s Interpersonal Relationship and Qualities of the Teacher. Literature Review The literature is based on past researches done on teachers and primary school teaching and it is presented on the following subtopics: Teacher’s Quality Teacher’s Interpersonal Skills Teacher’s Qualification Documentation of the best practices Primary school teachers and primary education Teacher’s Quality According to Hammond (2000) teachers preparations and teachings are the strongest correlations of the student’s achievement and teacher’s quality is the most vital educational investment. Similarly Rvikin, Hanushek and Kain (1998) reported the student’s performance outcomes to the teacher’s quality, they analysed 400,000 students in 3000 schools from New York, which concluded that school quality is the most important factor in students achievement however teacher’s quality is the most important predictor whereas size and teacher education plays a very small role. Relationship between teachers’ personality and academic and social development was analysed by Heil and Washburne (1998). They found out that children made the greatest progress under the guidance of self-controlled teacher and least under fearful teachers. They also reported that children seem to grow as friendlier under self-controlled teachers. Teacher’s Interpersonal Skills Dasgupta (2004) observed that those teachers who had a strong interest in their students as individuals and were sensitive to their needs, the students could relate themselves with such teachers in a much better way creating a level of comfort with them. On the other hand, those teachers who are friendly but make no attempt to know their students, the children feel anxious being with them and they even doubted the teacher’s ability to perform. Similarly, those teachers who did not show any interest, the students believed that the teacher had a very low ability to perform and was low self-motivated. A significant body of research reported that academic achievement and students’ behaviour is influenced by the quality of the teacher-student relationship. It also suggests that the emotional aspect of the teacher-student relationship is far more important than the conventional advice on methods and techniques of teaching (Gerald, 1999) Teacher’s Qualification Cheng (1996) conducted a study on high school students’ performance using data from the National Educational Longitudinal Studies (1998) and found that fully certified teachers have a significant positive impact on student test scores as compared to teachers who are not well qualified and certified. Heil (1998) through his study concluded that teachers who had been out from teacher education since long and were away from on-going professional development lacked familiarity with current knowledge. She also commented that there was a significant difference in strength of developmentally appropriate practice beliefs between novice teachers and veteran teachers. The more oriented teachers scored significantly high on measures of developmentally appropriate practices. Documentation of the best practices A study was conducted by Miyan in 2005 documenting the best practices on 25 children in 7 schools and it was seen that the most prominent best practices carried out were providing children with positive reinforcement, treating all children equally, spontaneity while teaching and innovativeness in teaching methods. Similar study conducted by Rastogi (2005) found out that the best teaching practices were using teaching aids and creative methods to teach like dramatizations, providing children with a stimulating environment. Primary school teachers and primary education According to Dasgupta (2004), ‘play’ should be the central activity of children even in primary schools and primary school teachers should teach children using the play way method as it helps children to relate to what is being taught. Introducing games in classroom is one of the ways of encouraging cooperation and motivating the children to study and learn the concepts. Washburne (1998) surveyed primary school children to see the kind of the teachers liked by them and those who were disliked. He found that physical characteristics such as grooming, nice voice, and pleasing personality were found to be more important along with teacher’s qualities like interest in teaching, enthusiasm, innovativeness etc. At the same time children also laid equal emphasis on the personality traits like being cheerful, fair, non-judgemental etc. Methodology Aims Objectives To identify and document the ‘best practices’ of teachers, nominated as ‘effective teachers’ by principals/supervisors To identify the practices that need improvement To observe, record and document the ‘best practices’ of primary school teachers in 4 areas: Teacher as a Person, Teacher as a Professional, Teacher’s Interpersonal Relationship and Qualities of the Teacher. To compare the teachers best practices in relation to the fee structure To compare the teachers best practices in relation to his/her years of teaching experience To compare teachers best practices in relation to the teacher child ratio. Operational Definitions Effective Teachers: These are the teachers having innovative and creative teaching practices and who will be nominated by the principals/supervisors Primary Teacher: Teacher teaching to children in 1st and 2nd grade Low Fee Structured Schools: Schools having fees ranging from Rs.15/- to Rs.350/- per month High Fee Structured Schools: Schools having fees ranging from Rs.350/- to Rs. 450/- per month Data Collection Sample Primary school teachers serving in the schools having low and high fee structure and located in Mumbai, India will be approached using an introductory letter. The schools will be selected keeping in mind the indicators like fee structure, location of schools, medium of instruction and minimum 5years of establishment. 10 schools will be approached and nearly 30 teachers will be observed and interviewed. From these 10 schools, 5 schools will represent schools having low fee structure and remaining 5 schools will represent high fee structure. Research Design The school authorities will be approached with a prior appointment and the school supervisor/principal will be given and introductory letter conveying the nature of the research (refer to appendix 2). The information and the facts about the school (profile of the school) will be obtained from the authorities including details of the school like the name, number of teaching staff, fee structure, teacher-child ratio etc. The principal/supervisor will be asked to nominate three teachers who according to them are effective in their teaching, in short who are exemplary. The teachers will be given a consent form (refer to appendix 1) which will agree their part-taking in the research. Research Tools The research tools that will be used for this study will be a fact sheet, an observation record documentation sheet along with an interview questionnaire. The sample of the research tools is provided in the appendix. The fact sheet will have two parts to it; first it will help in gathering the profile of the school and second one to gather the nomination of the teachers made by the principal/supervisor (Refer to appendix 3) The observation record sheet will be again divided in two parts. First part will focus on gathering the teacher’s profile (age, qualification, number of years of experience) whereas the second part of the sheet who help in observing the nominated teacher in four criterias namely- Teacher as a Person, Teacher’s Interpersonal Relationship, Teacher as a professional and Qualities of the Teacher (Refer appendix 4a. 4b). The documentation sheet will help in documenting the best practices of teachers along with those practices which need improvement. This will also help in understanding the teacher-child interaction and noting down the minuscule but important details of classroom teaching (Refer to appendix 5) The interview questionnaire will help in interacting with the teachers on one to one basis. The nominated teachers will be interviewed on the basis of the four criterias namely- Teacher as a Person, Teacher’s Interpersonal Relationship, Teacher as a professional and Qualities of the Teacher. The interview will consist of open end questions will be give a chance to the teachers to be more expressive, so that all the details could be captured. (Refer appendix 6) To summarise, the researcher will visit the schools during the school hours for observation. Observation will be done for each teacher for 3 days and each session would be for an hour. The observation record sheet and the documentation sheet will be carried to the classroom to record the verbal comments as well as the non-verbal gestures of the teachers along with the recording of the best practices. So the researcher will observe 3 teachers for 3 days in each school (schools having high as well as low fee structure), one hour per teacher in each school. The researcher will then interview the teachers during the school hours according to the convenience of the teachers. The interview session would approximately last for an hour. Data Analysis The observation record sheet will be analysed both quantitatively as well as qualitatively where as the documentation and interview sheet will be analysed qualitatively only. The data for the quantitative analysis will be encoded using the SPSS and co-relational analysis will be conducted for the statistical analysis. The data for the qualitative analysis will be encoded using the analysing conversation technique and the IPA (Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis) so that a rich data is collected. Reliability and Validity of the research To understand the reliability and validity of the research, a pilot study will be conducted on two schools. During the pilot study the effectiveness of the tool will be checked. A meta-analysis can also be conducted to understand the nature of previous researches done and certain improvisations in the present study can be made on the basis of the systematic review of meta-analysis. Ethical Issues Any research and the practical applications of the procedures come under the scrutiny of professional ethics (Anastasi Urbina, 2004). Even for this research certain ethical issues have to be taken care of in a systematic manner. A formal approval will be taken from the principals/supervisors of the school who decide to become a part of the study, even the nominated teachers would be asked if they would like to participate and be one of the respondents, they will also be entitled to sign a consent form. All the data collected will be confidential. No one except the researcher will be allowed to access that data. There are no foreseeable risks involved with the tools used for the research. They will be assured that all their information will be kept confidential and privacy will be maintained. While conducting the observations and interview there could be some risk involved like anxiety and questions in the respondents mind. All the participants will be explained the nature of the st udy, objectives. They will be assured that all their information will be kept confidential and privacy will be maintained. References: Amurang, C., Gerald. (1999). ‘Evaluating Primary Education’, International Developmental Research, Canada Anastasi, A., Urbina,S. (2004). ‘Psychological Testing’, Prentice Hall, USA A World Bank Publication, (1997). ‘Primary Education in India’, U.S.A: Library Cross Publication Bredekamp, S., Copple, C. (1997). ‘Developmentally Appropriate Practices in Early Childhood Programmes’, Washington D.C.: National Association for Education of Young Children. Cheng, Y.C. (1996). ‘Total Teacher Effectiveness: New conception and improvement’, International Journal of Education Management, 10 (6), 7-17. Devasenathipathi, M. (2001). ‘A Good Teacher’, Educational Review, 144 (9), 101. Hammond, L. (1999). ‘Teacher Quality and student achievement: A review of state policy evidence’, Seattle, WA : Center for the Study of Teaching and Policy, University of Washington. Kain, F., Rivikin, S. (2005). ‘Teachers, Schools, and Academic Achievement’, Econometrica, 73 (2), 417-458. Heil, Lousi., Washburne, C. (1998). ‘What characteristics affect children’s growth?’, The School Review, 68(4), 420-428. Dasgupta, D. (2004), ‘Effective teaching techniques’, Avishkar Publications. Miyan., M., Rastogi., A. (2005). ‘Manpower Planning for Elementary Teacher Education: A pre-requisite for Quality Elementary Education’, University News, 43 (18), 56-62. Pollard, A., Bourne, J. (1995). ‘Teaching and Learning in Primary Schools’, New York: Rout Ledge. Saxena, C. (2005). ‘A Historical Overview of Teacher Education in India from Rig Vedic Age till 1947’, University News, 43(18), 1-7. Spodek, B., (1972). ‘Teaching in Early Years’, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc. Tilak., J.B.G. (1995) ‘How free is Free Primary Education’, Occasional Paper-21, New Delhi: NIE Richardson, J., Stopp, P. (1998). ‘Becoming a Primary Teacher’, London: Penguin Books How to cite Documenting Primary school teaching in Mumbai (India), Essay examples

Natural Catastrophes and Environmental Justice

Although natural catastrophes cannot be avoided, it is still possible to effectively manage the negative effects associated with such calamities in order to minimize human suffering and promote environmental justice. When all people are meaningfully involved and fairly treated in regards to catastrophes that impact the environment, it amounts to environmental justice.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Catastrophes and Environmental Justice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The development of any nation or state should not merely focus on the educational level of individuals, national origin, income, ethnicity, or race. To a large extent, every individual can proactively add value to environmental protection. In other words, the existing policies, regulations and environmental laws can be swiftly enforced and implemented when both citizens and non-citizens are indiscriminately involved in the process (Bardsle y and Sweeney 1133). Disempowerment in terms of policy or economic wellbeing might lead to unfair treatment of the undeserving population. Hence, the disadvantaged segment of the population may eventually bear the immense burden of dealing with negative repercussion of pollution to the environment. Environmental pollution emanates from the skewed and tribal policies executed by the local, state and federal authorities. Commercial operations as well as municipal and industrial wastes also contribute towards degradation of the immediate environment. As it stands now, most natural catastrophes are being aggravated by human activities that pollute the environment. For instance, there is an increased build-up of aerosols and Green House Gases in the atmosphere to an extent that the shortwave radiation from the sun cannot be radiated back. Consequently, the earth has become warmer than it used to be some decades ago. The latter has significantly contributed to global warming and the much- taunted climate change. In any case, the extreme weather events (drought, floods) have been occasioned by human population to the immediate environment. Unless human management of the environment is improved, environmental justice will hardly be realized. A robust environmental justice framework should be put in place in order to minimize the negative impacts of natural catastrophes to certain segments of the population. Exposure to harmful wastes alongside natural calamities can be reduced if appropriate justice is awarded to the environment (Bardsley and Sweeney 1130).Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are a number of underlying assumptions that have continually generated various unequal protections and exposure to natural disasters that are also man-made. Environmental justice cannot be attained unless certain political and ethical queries are asked. Needless to say , every individual has a basic right of protection from the harmful effects of natural calamities. When we degrade our environment, we fail to execute any justice to it. However, protection should still be granted to the vulnerable populations by the concerned government authorities owing to poor legislative or environmental protection agenda in place. The negative impacts posed to populations by natural catastrophes such as hurricanes may be eliminated if not reduced when proper environmental justice is exercised (Brown 112). This form of justice should be a priority area not just in regions prone to natural disasters. It should be a bi-partisan engagement between the public and policy makers. Environmental polluters should also be held accountable for their actions as part and parcel of environmental justice. Pollution of the environment is definitely a major cause of concern in the 21st century. Since climate change is closely associated with drastic alteration of weather paramet ers, there is urgent need for a strong public voice and environmental protection advocacy programs against pollution (Brown 109). Works Cited Bardsley, Douglas and Susan, Sweeney. â€Å"Guiding Climate Change Adaptation within Vulnerable Natural Resource Management Systems.† Environmental management 45.5 (2010): 1127-1141. Print. Brown, Katrina. â€Å"Global Environmental Change I: A Social Turn for Resilience?† Progress in Human Geography 38.1 (2014): 107-117. Print. This essay on Natural Catastrophes and Environmental Justice was written and submitted by user Libby Blake to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.