The Ethics Of Animal Research Essay - 1588 Words

PHILOSOPHY 106 - Is the use of Animals in Biomedical Research Morally Justified? Animals have been treated immorally since the beginning of time, this is shown by hunting, farming, trapping, testing of products and biomedical research etc. As humans, majority of us claim animals as our resources as we use them for eating, making clothing, (leather and fur jackets, shoes) working animals, as a means of transport, animal testing etc. In this essay I will discuss the use of animals in biomedical research and state why some believe it is morally justified. I will then present an objection to argue why biomedical research is morally unjustified and why I believe this. I will write this essay using resources from Tom Regan s, â€Å"The case for animal rights†, David DeGrazia’s, â€Å"The ethics of animal research: what are the prospects for agreement?’, Baruch A. Brody’s, â€Å"Defending animal research: An international perspective† and Peter Singer’s, â€Å"Animal Liberation at 30†. I will then come to my own conclusi on based on the different perspectives from the above philosophers and by using my own knowledge on the issue. In this first half of the essay I will discuss the different viewpoints from the philosophers Regan, DeGrazia and Singer on their perspectives on why biomedical research is morally unjustified. In Tom Regan s â€Å"The Case for Animal Rights† he argues that animals have a quality that can t be decreased to their utility and puts forth a defense to eliminate harm brought aboutShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Animal Research967 Words   |  4 PagesJr.’s argument â€Å"The Commonsense Case against Animal Experimentation† in The Ethics of Animal Research attempts to answer the problems of animal research through use of common sense. He does this by trying to give and objective (middle ground) argument against animal research and points out what everyone would consider being inhumane treatment of animals. Engle says: My argument for the immorality of using animals as test subjects in biomedical research is predicated on several widely accepted, commonsenseRead MoreResearch Ethics : Animal And Clinical Research1188 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Ethics: Animal and Clinical Research When it comes to clinical research, many people think of clinical trials, but that’s only merely a small portion of a process towards a medical development involving a process call bench to the bedside. Clinical research outline scientific investigation involving animal or human subjects helping translate basic research into new treatments that would be valuable to patients. Clinical trials can contain a variety of research under the departments of physiologyRead MoreEthics of Animal Research Essay537 Words   |  3 PagesEthics of Animal Research One of the many issues of todays conversations is still confusing on my understanding it. Is it ethical for people to engage in animal research for human excellence? And if so, just how far can animal research be taken to meet these achievements for human kind? When thinking about this, I would conclude that animals over human beings do not have any rights what so ever, but I would be the biggest hypocrite in the world by saying this due to believing my doggyRead MoreEssay about The Ethics and Limitations of Animal Research 1550 Words   |  7 Pages The moral status of animals is an issue of much debate in Science. According to The Royal Society, the oldest scientific academy nowadays, it would have been impossible for science and medicine to develop so without animal research (â€Å"The Use of Non-Human Animals in Research†, 2004). Nevertheless, do the human medical benefits really justify the animal suffering in animal research? If so, what should are the possible considerations and limitations related to the matter? It appears to be a challengeRead MoreThe Ethics of Animal Use in Biomedical Research Essay1865 Words   |  8 Pagesout of philosophical circle, animals have traditionally been seen as significantly different from, and inferior to, humans because they lacked a certain intangible quality – reason, moral agency, or consciousness – that made them moral agents. Recently however, society has patently begun to move beyond this strong anthropocentric notion and has begun to reach for a more adequa te set of moral categories for guiding, assessing and constraining our treatment of other animals. As a growing proportionRead MoreIs Ethical Ethics Used Animals For Scientific Research?1403 Words   |  6 PagesKylee Roberts 8th grade Mrs.King April 26, 2016 Is it ethical to use animals for scientific research? When cosmetics and diseases popped up scientists didn’t want to test cures on humans, so they test cures and cosmetics on animals. At first it was little things that weren’t a problem, then they went too far. Animals are starved, shocked, burned, and poisoned as scientists look for something that just might yield some human benefit. In one case, baby mice had their legs chopped off soRead MoreEthics of Animal Testing754 Words   |  3 PagesEthics of Animal Testing For my paper I chose the topic of animal testing because I have always been very passionate for animals and against animal abuse. I have never believed in animal testing and that there were always other alternatives. I wanted to look further into and educate myself about what is being done about this and why it is an ethical issue. I have come up with an axiom to summarize this topic. Testing animals in research revolves around the relative or moral value of humans and animalsRead MoreEthics in Psychology Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesEthics in Psychology Our country was founded on certain moral principles. The moral principles which guide our lives are referred to as ethics. These ethics have an impact on how we interact with the world around us and shape our personalities; this happens even if we do not realize their immediate impact. It is for this very reason that ethics in psychological research became necessary. â€Å"One may also define ethics as a method, procedure, or perspective for deciding how to act and for analyzing complexRead MoreThe Ethical Codes Of Human Research Ethics1035 Words   |  5 Pagesconduct in regards to both humans and animals. Milgram’s (1963) obedience experiment prompted various issues related to human research ethics. In Milgram’s initial experiment, participants were asked to electric shock others in order to test their level of obedience to an authority figure. According to the British Psychological Society (BPS) Code of Human Research Ethics (2010), Milgram put the studies parti cipants at more than minimal risk as the research brought on visible levels of psychologicalRead MoreEthics hinder scientific research. Do you agree?600 Words   |  3 PagesEthics hinder scientific research. Do you agree? Ever since the scientific revolution, there have been countless breakthroughs in the scientific field. From the invention of the light bulb to the computers we stare at daily, it is axiomatic that such things can only happen due to the advancement in science. However, a myriad of scientific researches today have received strong opposition due to the ethical concerns regarding the research. This essay will agree that ethics hinder scientific research

Evidence- Based Decision Making and Discovery Free Essays

There is a history of information that has been compiled by health care professionals and sets guidelines for decision making done by health care professionals today. I Research Methods I Qualitative and quantitative research are two selecting research methods seed by scientists to collect and analyze date. Quantitative research is focused and objective research based on mathematics. We will write a custom essay sample on Evidence- Based Decision Making and Discovery or any similar topic only for you Order Now Qualitative research looks at the whole picture, is subjective and collects data non-mathematically usually using symbolic representations. I Manuscript Organization I An organized manuscript allows the readers to understand and to be Informed of the Information In the easiest and clearest way possible. Manuscripts follow a general format that Includes an abstract, introduction, background, methodology, results and discussion, conclusions, acknowledgments, references, appendices, and tables and figures. The abstract is a summary of what the paper is about and discusses the processes and methods used. The introduction allows the reader to know what the paper is going to be about and why It Is important. The background fills the reader In on previous research and the study. Results and discussion is the part of the manuscript that discusses what the research found and what it means. The conclusion sums up the paper and recognizes advancements that have made because of the research done. The references portion of the paper is where all sources used are cited to give proper credit to publications that aided in the research. The appendices are additional methodologies that weren’t included in the main paper but are important. Tables are used to show large amounts of dare and figures show illustrations. I Patients need to be provided the best care by their health care providers. Two aspects of providing this type of care focuses on evidence-based decision making and effective business planning. Evidence is so important in scientific discovery. Scientific ideas are tested based on evidence. The acceptance or rejection of an idea is based on the evidence that it relevant, not based on an opinion, or tradition. In order to have a scientific coverer the idea must be testable and actually be tested; evidence is what is used to test the ideas. With no evidence to a scientific idea be rejected and a discovery will not occur. Effective business planning is also a key in the process of scientific discoveries. Business planning needs to be centered on the evidence. Qualitative and quantitative research are two scientific research methods used by scientists to collect and analyze date. Quantitative research is focused and objective research based on mathematics. Qualitative research looks at the whole picture, is subjective, and elects data non-mathematically usually using symbolic representations. This evidence that the researchers gather is needed so that a discovery can be done by proving and disproving different hypotheses. It that the research stays within the budget available and for this to be done effective business planning needs to be done as well. For the best care to be provided evidence-based decision making and business planning need to continue in order for advancements in the medical field to continue. There are numerous examples of evidenced based decision making and business planning throughout the history of the medical field. One example of a scientific discovery using evidence resulting from the experiment is Ernest Rutherford labs test to see if an atom’s positive mass is spread out diffusely by firing an alpha particle beam through a piece of gold foil (Caldwell, 2008). In this experiment the evidence showed that the majority of the alpha particles bounced back in the opposite direction as if they struck something dense. If the alpha particles were not dense then they would have passed through the foil, so the evidence showed that the atoms positive charge was actually dense and located in its core or nucleus. How to cite Evidence- Based Decision Making and Discovery, Papers

Climate Change In India And Changing Impactâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Climate Change In India And Changing Impact? Answer: Introducation Climate and environment is continuously changing and it is affecting each country significantly. There are various reasons of environmental change in the countries. Sometimes it can be because of unnecessary and asymmetrical activities such as burning of fuel oils, coals and usual gases, agricultural clearance etc. High level of heat in climate, melting snow, and increased sea level globally etc. in the simple words, in current time climate change is one of the critical issues faced by every country. In terms of definition, climate change can be described as the differences in the climate at the global level of the earth. Climate change in the environment can be defined in different ways. Some of the researchers have defined the climate change as the disorder of the natural process on the earth (Brger et al, 2012). On the other hand, some defined the climate change as the significant change which is linked with the human activities directly or indirectly along with the combination of natural climate variability. Now, various countries and researchers are raising the concern about the climate changes and its impacts. Various incidents of the climate change are recorded in all over the world. This report describes the business changes in the climate and impact of climate change in India. Along with this, the report also gives the probable resolutions to deal with the issue of change in environment. Climate change affecting world Because of climate change, not only one or two countries, but also entire world is facing problem. The changes in the environment and climate impact on the various parts of the society such as industries, ecosystem and communities. It is observed that heat in the environment is continuously increasing and rainfall is decreasing gradually since last few years. Reduced rainfall is the main cause of the climate change that is affecting overall world. Along with this, it is also seen that there is the continuous change in the temperature, sea level and level of rainfall. It has to be understood that the climate change is the cause of many activities in the environment. Climate change raises the temperature in the atmosphere and with the high temperature; various changes take place on the earth. For example, high temperature can be the cause of excessive rain, more floods, more heat waves and droughts. Further, some changes also take place in the ocean and glaciers i.e. glaciers are melti ng gradually, water in the oceans are warming and becoming acidic, and sea levels are increasing that is affecting human on the earth. Since last few years, these changes are frequently happening and challenging to the world and the environment of human beings (Feyen Dankers 2009). Factors of climate change in India Climate change is affecting every country in all over the world but this report is basically covering the country India. Climate change is one of the complex issues facing mankind today. This is the evident of various observations of increment of global air and ocean temperatures, melting of snow and ice and raising sea level. It also increases variety of the challenges with the wide-ranging effects. Along with this, climate change has significant impacts on the conditions of the agriculture. Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy that provides food and livelihood security to the most of the population of Indian society. Agriculture is significantly affected not only by the increased and decreased rainfall but also shifts in the timings of the rainfall (Dillman 2015). Changes in the patterns of rainfall are the serious threat for the agriculture, economy and food security in India. Further, rise in the temperature also affects the environment of India as rise in the temper ature is the cause of increment in the green house gases and affect the crops differently from region to region in the country. High level of floods, deficiency, storms and cyclones are distressing the environment in the country India. There are various problems in India because of climate change such as concern in the farming and cultivation, water stress, rising sea level, issues of food security, biodiversity and risk on human health (Kakkar, 2014). There are some climate changes that are observed during some years and those are as follows: Rise in sea levels- 70% of earths surface includes of water in the form of ocean and sea. Sea level is rising due to global warming. Sea level is rising due to thermal extension as well as melting of glaciers. Global temperature is increasing 3 to 4 degree and the result is that 330 million people would be permanently or temporarily relocated because of flood. There is the high level of risk due to the rise of sea level as the result of global warming. It is predictable that the big coastal region will be covered with the increased of sea level. These climate changes are creating problems for the country India and cause much human hardship. The Ganges-Brahmaputra delta of India is supposed to be extremely at risky region as water level in this area will rise in the upcoming year. The impact of increased level of sea can be seen in the Bangladesh and Sunderbans. In this view, India is facing serious issues in terms of climate change. According to accounting to the estimation of Asian Development Bank (AD B), if there is one meter rise in the sea level everyday then around 7 million people in India would be displaced (McKinsey company, 2009). Figure 1: Rise in sea level (Source: Mclendon, 2016) Water condition- The condition of water in current time is the critical issues and serious threat in the environmental change of India. Resources of water are continuously dealing of difficulty under the threat of climate change. In recent years, Himalayan region is changing gradually because of the high level use of land such as deforestation, urbanization and agriculture practices. Along with this, high level of temperature in the atmosphere, the pattern of rain fall is changing continuously. It is observed that the demand of water is increasing for the production of crops in sufficient manner but now, there is no ample amount of water for the agriculture due to the continuous climate change. Further, global warming is also one of the reasons that are affecting the water security in the country. Safety of water is the critical matter in the country in terms of the development of the agriculture (Poornima, 2015). Greenhouse gases- Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas in the environment. Because of the changes in the land use patterns, land clearing, deforestation, agriculture, and other activities, level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is continuously increasing. Further, another important gas in the greenhouse is Methane as of all methane emissions come from the domesticated animals like goats, cows, camels, sheep, pigs and horses. All these animals produce methane during the cud-chewing process. Rice and paddy fields release methane that is flooded during the maturing periods. When the soil in the fields is covered with the water, it lacks oxygen in the fields. In such situation, methane producing bacteria affect the atmosphere and impact on the lives of human beings in India (Sharp, 2009). Figure 2: Greenhouse emission Solar variations- Sun is the greatest source of energy on the climate system of the earth. Although the energy of the sun appears constant everyday but there are small changes in the heat of sun that are observed. There are some scientists who suspect that the heat in the climate would be increased in the first half of 20th century due to the increase in the output of solar energy. The changes in the solar energy would be the cause of significant climate change as sun is the basic source of energy in the climate system. Increased heat in the atmosphere has negative impact on the climate and affecting the people in the country. Global warming is the cause of more active sun and scientists are expecting the temperature to become warmer in all the layer of the atmosphere. This is because of the greenhouse gases capturing heat in the lower atmosphere. It is estimated that by 2020, the heat will increase continuously. Figure 3: Rise in temperature Further, climate change can also be the cause of human actions such as conversion of land for the agriculture and forestry and burning of fossil fuels. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change, there are three major reason of the increment in the greenhouse gases that are analyzed over the past 250 year i.e. fossil fuels, agriculture and land use. From the starting of the industrial uprising, there is the human being influence on the climate system of India as well as world. In the climate, greenhouse gases are increasing continuously due to the human activities such as fossil fuel burning and deforestation and methane emission. Humans are cutting down the trees and there is the extra carbon in the environment and increasing the greenhouse effect. India is geographically connected by the Indian Ocean which is known as third largest ocean in the world and the climate on the India is primarily affected by the activities within the ocean (Ravindranath, Joshi Jayaraman , 2012). Impact of Environmental change on India Climate change is the serious matter in all over the world as it is creating various challenges for every country. In such situation, India is facing some impacts on the people of country. Country is facing some tough situations due to the climate change such as issue in the farming, troubles of food safety, increasing of sea intensity, hazard on people wellbeing, risk of food security etc. Climate change has high level of significance from the viewpoint of India. Impact of the agriculture and food security- Environmental change has negative effect on the Indian farming system. Because of increased temperature, high level of rainfall, melting glacier, the climate change is impacting on the production of various crops. Climate change affects the agriculture in many different ways. It is well known that the agriculture is the crucial part of Indian economy and the source of livelihood of people in the country. So, rainfall pattern in the country affect the productivity of agriculture. The productivity of various crops is decreasing continuously because of the heat waves, high temperature and scarcity of the water. There are high frequencies of overflow, cyclones, deficiency and rainstorms impacts on the agriculture creation in the country (Mclendon, 2016). Impact on biodiversity- India is the country of various culture and biodiversity regarding deserts to ice sheets. In current time, environmental change is undermining the biological system of the country India. It is well known that the Himalayan ecosystem is the lifeline of India. Monsoon is basically depends upon the environment of India and monsoon is the basic need for the farming and irrigation. Environmental change is the basic cause of varying patterns of monsoon in the country (Dubash and Jogesh, 2014). Impact on human health- It is observed that the climate change is the significant impact on the human health of the country. There is the air pollution due to the climate change that is impacting on the health of human beings. The researchers have suggested that the health problems in the country would be increased because of continuous climate change. Further, it is estimated that the number of death would also be increased due to air pollution. High global temperature is the reason of increment in the frequency of floods along with the risk of disease of infection among the people (Kumar Gambhir, 2013). Climate change risk assessment In India, impact of climate change can be seen very clearly on various parts of the country. No any country can afford to sit on the sideline as the impact of climate change is increasing gradually. Although India is not responsible for any kind of promise in dropping the negative impact of greenhouse emission and climate change but the country is equally contributing to the negotiation of climate change. According to the various researchers, there are many developed countries that are responsible for the climate change. So, in such manner, those developed countries should do commitments in way of decreasing the negative impact of climate change on the people (Jha, 2014). Further, India is trying to commit to the way of sustainable development. It is estimated that per capita emissions of the carbon gases in India is little but country should adopt a national action plan for the climate change. India is a responsible country in the world so, country should support at the internationa l level in terms of economy and right to use of technology till the year 2030 (Bal, Bhaskaran Palanivelu, 2016). The country is attending international conference on the concept of climate change to develop of clean technologies in terms of environment friendly. India should try to convince the developed nations to exchange cleaner vitality advancements that are eco-friendly sound so that developing countries could be able to use it. India is the collaborator of Asia Pacific Partnership on clean development and climate. By this, country should focus on the transfer of efficient and clean technologies to deal with the issue of climate change (Ghosh Ray, 2015). Proposed Measurements The contribution of the country India towards reducing the impact of negative gases is very little and the Indian government should use various actions to enhance the condition in terms of climate change. The department of forests and environment is the key organization in India to solve the issue of climate change. India should take new initiatives in terms climate friendly measures to deal with the threat of climate change (Rajya Sabha secretariat, 2008). In this manner, country should focus on the renewable energy programs. Along with this, India should adopt a wide range of measures and approaches for creating alertness about the climate change among the people of the country. The National Forest Policy should provide dynamic actions to decrease the impact of carbon gases in the country. Apart from this, Indian government should conduct various programs to protect the forests and lands in the country. The programs should cover around six million hectare land in the country within next 10 years (Hallegatte, 2009). Conclusion This report discusses about the issues of climate change that is affecting various countries in all over the world. From the above discussion, it is observed that the continuous climate change is the serious threat in current situation. This is the big threat in terms of advancement and growth of every country. The danger of environmental change ought to be tended to by the developing nations. This report basically focuses on the developing country India. From the above discussion, it is can be said that there should be combined effort of all the developing nations with the mutual efforts that would be helpful to deal with the issue of climate change. Those nations should utilize another pattern in terms of economy for efficient advancement of the atmosphere. It is estimated that current economic, ecological and demographic situation of the overall world is quite indefensible. If the countries put efforts in limitations of the human activities towards the environment, the impact of c limate change can be reduced significantly. Sustainable development is needed to deal with the scarce of water, land, air, energy and biodiversity along with the more cooperative ideas and measurements by the countries. References Bal, P., Bhaskaran, B., Palanivelu, K., (2016), Climate change projections over India by a downscaling approach using PRECIS: Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 52(4), pp 353369 Brger, G., T. Q., Murdock, A. T., Werner, S. R., Cannon, A. J., (2012), Downscaling extremes-an inter economics of multiple statistical methods for present climate, 25(12), 43664388 Dillman T., (2015), Climate Changes Could Affect Pacific Fisheries, Fishermens news Dubash, N. K. and Jogesh, A., (2014), From Margins to Mainstream? Climate Change Planning in India as a Door Opener to a Sustainable future, Centre for Policy Research (CPR) Research Report, New Delhi Feyen, L., Dankers R., (2009), Impact of global warming on streamflow drought in Europe, 114(D17) Ghosh A., Ray, S., (2015), Fixing Climate Governance through Effective Technology Partnerships: CIGI Fixing Climate Governance Series Hallegatte, S., (2009), Strategies to adapt to an uncertain Climate Change, Global Environmental Change, 19(2), 240-247 Jha, V., (2014), The Coordination of Climate Finance in India: Centre for Policy Research (CPR) Overseas Development Institute (ODI) Research Report, United Kingdom Kakkar, R., (2014), What are the Factors Affecting the Climate of India, accessed on 12th September 2017 from https://www.importantindia.com/11795/what-are-the-factors-affecting-the-climate-of-india/ Kumar, P., Gambhir, V., (2013), How the people of India live with climate change and what communication can do, accessed on 12th September 2017 from https://dataportal.bbcmediaaction.org/site/assets/uploads/2016/07/India-Report.pdf McKinsey company, (2009), Environment and management Sustainability: an Approach for India, McKinsey India Mclendon, R., (2016), 11 alarming facts about sea-level rise, accessed on 12th September 2017 from https://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/climate-weather/blogs/facts-about-sea-level-rise Poornima, S., (2015), Climate Change in India: Challenges and Solutions, accessed on 12th September 2017 from https://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article6130.html Rajya Sabha secretariat, (2008), CLIMATE CHANGE: CHALLENGES TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA, accessed on 12th September 2017 from https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/climate_change_2008.pdf Ravindranath, N. H., Joshi, J., Jayaraman, M., (2012), Multi-model climate change projections for India under representative concentration pathways, accessed on https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279896993_Multi-model_climate_change_projections_for_India_under_representative_concentration_pathways Sharp, J., (2009), Low Carbon environmental goods and services: an industry analysis, UK: BERR

The Unforgettable April Fools Day Essays - Animation, Angry Kid

Diana Meares Elizabeth Mckinley Fall11-eng-111-81 September 2, 2011 The Unforgettable April Fool?s Day Life is packed with some really amazing and unforgettable events. This event that I am going to relate to you is one fantastic happening, which I?ll never forget. It was a beautiful spring morning in Greenfield Lake Park, in the year of 1972. The ancient cypress trees around the lake were awesome, and the smell of Azaleas permeated my nostrils. The lake was gorgeous, shimmering in the sunlight. It was one of those really special family outings. My Mom, Dad, two sisters and I were there for a great time in the park. We had been looking forward to this trip for such a long time. We were having a fun time looking at all of the animals, and being able to ride the little train. Parked on the edge of the lake were these colorful little paddle boats. I just knew my family would take a trip around the lake in the red and yellow boats. My Mom and Dad were off by themselves enjoying some quality time. My sisters, Robin and Cathie, and I were doing our own things too. We were teenagers and our parents trusted us to be out of their sight and still have fun. Our safety was not a major concern of theirs. Of course, that had a lot to do with the discipline of our parents and the period of time we had been raised in. That period being the late 50?s to the early 70?s, violence didn?t seem as prevalent. I remember the next few moments of the event as if it were just yesterday. We were walking around the cage of the bear. I had seen bears close up while growing up in the mountains, at the Grandfather Mountain Resort. So, I wasn?t nervous at all, as we got closer to the cage. While munching on some sunflower seeds, I had a brilliant idea. ?I could be just like Ellie Mae Clampett,?I thought to myself. I could feed this bear! The bear was very large and brown, sitting quietly in the corner of the cage. The bear didn?t look dangerous at all. I walked around to the top part of the cage, where the bear was a little lower than me, and I was standing at the corner just above the bears? head. Things were going just fine for the first ten or fifteen minutes. I would drop the seeds right above the bear?s mouth and it would open up for a lovely snack. All of a sudden, something terrible happened! The bear decided that it wasn?t getting its food fast enough. It all happened so fast; -it was like a dream--unreal! The very large, brown, now scary bear turned around far enough to reach my hand, opened its humongous mouth and chomped down. I did first thing that came into my mind, ?jerk your hand out?! I can tell you right now, all jokes aside, was not the brightest thing to do. When I jerked my hand out the bears? teeth closed on my fingers at the same time, not a very pleasant feeling. I was in shock by that time, holding my hand, looking at it and saying ?Oh, my Lord, Oh, my Lord?. My sisters Robin and Cathie had ran over by that time, took one look at my fingers, and started screaming for our Mom and Dad. I was really scared. I just could not take my eyes off my fingers; the flesh was all torn back and feeling all tingly. I just could not believe what had just happened. We finally found Mom and Dad and they rushed me to the hospital. On the trip to the hospital, my Dad said, ?Calm down, it?s just a finger?! Right I thought, ?Just a finger, huh One good thing about the whole deal was the finger did not bleed very much. I myself believed the bear ate all of my blood out of my fingers! I just sat in the back seat and cried all the way over to the hospital. I just knew I had seen my finger for the very last time, attached to my hand. The comment my Dad had

The Failure of Leadership in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina

The Failure of Leadership in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina Hurricane Katrina exposed the shocking degree of unpreparedness of the Federal Government, FEMA, various local and state officials, and the residents of New Orleans when it comes to dealing with hurricane-force winds and massive flooding brought by the said storm. In the initial days of the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina many questions were left unanswered.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Failure of Leadership in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Why was there no effective and efficient evacuation plan? Where were the Army and the National Guard? Where was FEMA? And as the questions kept piling up, it became clear that local and state officials failed to plan, and they underestimated Katrina. Thus the local residents paid dearly for this oversight. Synopsis The basis for the discussion on what went wrong in the attempt to contain, manage, and deal with the impact of Hurricane Kat rina is Frontline’sdocumentary entitled The Storm. Frontline’s investigative journalists led by Martin Smith attempted to probe deeper into the emergency and disaster response fiasco. They used video footages taken by New Orleans residents, amateur videos taken by local officials, news footages and combined these with excerpts of video clips taken from one-on-one interviews with experts in the field of emergency disaster preparedness as well local and state officials supposedly in-charge of the disaster. At the end Frontline concluded that there was a failure of leadership and the cost of unpreparedness was the significant loss of lives and damage to property worth billions of dollars. Lessons Learned In the first chapter of Frontline’s documentary, Martin Smith interviewed an emergency disaster preparedness expert and he said that for many years prior to Hurricane Katrina there were no catastrophic event of that magnitude that hit mainland USA. He said that FEM A had to study events that occurred in other countries in order to help in the preparation for such an event. In other words no one knew what to expect and there was no urgency to make serious preparations because for many years nothing has happened. This was a major factor that was overlooked by the planners who tried to lessen the impact of Katrina. They were unaware of the high level of complacency that exists within the government when it comes to emergency disaster preparedness. This attitude created a chain reaction of events that would lead to the worst natural catastrophe in this nation’s history. This should never happen again. Since there was this attitude regarding emergency disaster management the Federal Government and even local and state officials found little value with a federally funded agency such as FEMA. As a result past presidents would appoint the next FEMA chief not on the basis of qualifications but as a way to return a favor.Advertising Looki ng for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the case of former president George W. Bush he appointed his campaign manager to this post. From the time of Reagan up to the time of Bush all appointees had no background or any type of expertise related to emergency disaster preparedness. This should never happen again. Local and state officials were also infected with this complacency problem. In the early phase of the documentary the commander of the National Guard – who called from Baton Rogue – contacted a subordinate stationed at Jackson Barracks asking for a status report and in the middle of their conversation the soldier said to hold the line because he is going to inspect something and then he returned saying that he did not know why but water is rising fast and in a few moments he said that the cars in the parking lot were already afloat. This was a revealing interview because it shows t hat no one was prepared. It was all right for a New Orleans resident to be ignorant of what was going on around him but the National Guard, the commanders and the soldiers should have been given an update that there are levies preventing the city from being engulfed in a massive flood but the moment those levies were compromised, New Orleans will be swept away. They should have known but no one knew. So everyone was caught by surprise. This should never happen again. The primary problem is failure in leadership. There are at least two aspects in leadership failure that contributed much to magnify the disaster in New Orleans. First, no one knew the identity of the coordinator, the person in-charge, the one who can rally the troops and make decisions that would be followed by all. They knew there was FEMA, the local officials, and the U.S. President but it seems that everyone was just reacting to the situation, what was needed was a true leader leading the charge and no one was there. The second aspect is the lack of communication from the ground up to the highest levels of government. According to emergency disaster management experts, local officials often told them that â€Å"†¦figuring out whom they were supposed to work with in the federal government was taking so much time that it hurt their ability to save lives and protect property† (Blackstone, Bognanno, Hakim, 2005) The same thing can be said about the Katrina incident. There was an urgent need for interoperability but it was not available to the first responders. The major consequence of failure in leadership – coordination, planning, decision-making, and communication – is unpreparedness. And the cost of being unprepared was staggering. It devastated the Gulf Coast, and flooded New Orleans. But the price of failure was paid in the deaths of 900 people (PBS, 2010). Imagine a community full of a thousand residents and imagine a town flooded and all the people gone, that was w hat happened during and after Hurricane Katrina. Finally, one of the most important lessons of this event was to never underestimate the impact of organizational management. In this case there are a lot of questions and a lot of speculations with regards to the fact that FEMA was absorbed into the Department of Homeland Security.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Failure of Leadership in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to one commentary, â€Å"it took FEMA nearly 15 years and several reorganizations to effectively coordinate and deliver the full resources of the federal government to support state and local governments in responding to major disasters† (Bullock Haddow, 2006). FEMA could have done better if it remained as an independent government agency. Reactions and Observations There were many factors that contributed to the mismanagement of the disaster. Fi rst, FEMA and the Federal Government were not ready to deal with a hurricane and then massive flooding of that magnitude. (Rodger, 2006) Second, everyone from the Federal Government down to the ordinary New Orleans resident underestimated the power of the storm, even in the footage shown by Frontline one can see some soldiers laughing when Katrina already made landfall. And third, there was no interoperability between the Department of Homeland Security, FEMA, state and local government (Burns, 2007). In other words it was not just FEMA, or Washington, or Homeland Security or even the local officials responsible for New Orleans, everyone contributed to the problem and only a few were able to help solve it. It is important to go back to what was previously stated regarding the absence of killer storms and other natural calamities that affected other countries but not the U.S. mainland. This has created a false sense of security and the lack of examples or scenarios that government of ficials can use to request for more funding or to plan ahead. Yet even with this particular problem there was still no excuse because it was not really the first time that coastal areas of America experienced such disasters. In the said video Frontline touched briefly on the storm that hit Miami, Florida and there was devastation there and it should have been enough warning for the government and the people to take seriously the thereat of hurricanes and flooding. Another major factor in increasing the number of dead people and the number of New Orleans residents who experienced extreme hunger, infected with disease, and injury was due to the underestimation of the impact of the storm. This is because FEMA and the Federal Government made basic plans regarding future catastrophes and they even tried to evacuate the residents and yet their warnings were not taken seriously. If the whole of New Orleans would have been evacuated then it was possible that the number of affected people an d the number of deaths would have been much lesser.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The National Guards would have diverted resources to monitor the levies and water levels since it is a well-known fact that New Orleans is situated below sea level. If the Federal Government did not underestimate the strength of Hurricane Katrina then the Coast Guard and the might of the U.S. military would have been ordered on standby to assist trapped residents in the aftermath of the storm. But no one was near enough and quick enough to respond effectively. As it is the lack of preparation and the lack of leadership before and after the storm caught everyone by surprise and the reason why many residents were trapped with the city. They were unable to get out and was vulnerable when the power lines went down and when the floods came in to restrict their movement. This terrible scenario was made worse by the lack of â€Å"interoperability† in terms of communication between first responders. This means that resources were not used effectively because the rescue and relief ope rations were not coordinated. Conclusion Hurricane Katrina exposed the unpreparedness of the Federal Government and state and local officials to deal with a crisis of such magnitude. The failure in leadership was the main reason why no one was prepared to handle the impact of the storm. The reason why no one knew that the levies would break in a city that was below city level and the reason why first responders cannot coordinate their rescue and relief operations. People were angry because no one was helping and the residents of New Orleans trapped in their own homes were angry why no one came. So many things had happened in the past that added one layer of problem after another but in truth there was no particular agency that was at fault. It was the fault of the Federal Government, the Department of Homeland Security, the local and state officials and even the people of New Orleans. The fingerpointing as described by Frontline, must stop and different agencies must learn to work t ogether in dealing with future natural disasters. References Blackstone, E., M. Bognanno, S. Hakim. (2005). Innovations in E-Government: The  thoughts of governors and mayors. MD: Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Bullock, J. G. Haddow. (2006). Introduction to Homeland Security. MA: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Burns, L. (2007). FEMA: An Organization in the Crosshairs. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2010). â€Å"FEMA’s Mission.† Retrieved from https://www.fema.gov/ Public Broadcasting Service. (2010). â€Å"The Storm.† Frontline. Retrieved from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/storm/ Rodger, E. (2006). Hurricane Katrina. New York: Crabtree Publishing.

Banduras social learning theory Essay Example for Free

Banduras social learning theory Essay Learning theory (33) , Social learning theory (19) , Control theory (12) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints Our study is based on the theory of operant conditioning and Bandura’s social learning theory. Operant conditioning states that learning happens through association, and we believe that car advertises are trying to make their target population associate buying their car with a desired characteristic/traits/lifestyles e.g. having a lot of female attention. Skinner described the ABC model of operant conditioning, which includes an antecedent, behaviour and a consequence. Bandura for his theory stated that learning can only occur if the four criteria (attention, retention, reproduction and motivation) were met. From looking at YouTube adverts we found that smaller cars had a tendency to have more feminine themes whereas larger cars tended to have more masculine themes.  Aim  To whether there is a difference between gender and the size of cars they drive.  Alternative Hypothesis:  Males will have a higher tendency to drive large cars while females will have a higher tendency to drive smaller cars  Null Hypothesis:  There will be no difference in gender and the size of the car they drive, and any difference will be due to chance. METHOD:  Design:  This is an independent group design and a quasi experiment as each participant can only be in either the male or the female category. We will gather our data by tallying, as our study will only include nominal data. This is useful as tallying is easy to analyse and draw up conclusions from. We are only looking at the gender of the driver and the type/size of their cars, so our data is quantitative. This is a non-participant naturalistic overt observation. Seeing as our results are nominal, this is an independent group design and the hypothesis predicts a difference. We will try our best to operationalise our variables by tallying the cars for the same period of time and by collecting data in different locations throughout Maidstone. Our IV will be the gender and how dependent variable (DV) will be the size of the cars. To make it easier to see the driver or the car, we will be collecting our data by a set of traffic lights, and tallying in the correct sections.  Participants  All of our participants will be over 17, as this is the legal minimum driving age. We will be using opportunity sampling as only those driving at the time of the study will take part in the study. Apparatus  Pen, paper and clipboard   Procedure  1. A table was draw up to collect results in (a copy can be found in appendix)  2. Researchers decided time and place of when they will be getting results  3. Researches went to location, stood by the nearest traffic light and collect results  4. Next lesson, the results were pooled  5. Adjustments were made  6. Carried out inertial test using chi-squared test  Control:  Pilot study was not to include family and sports cars as they are marketed differently and tend to be gender neutral. We increased our ecological validity by carrying out the experiment in different places in Maidstone. We followed most of the ethical guidelines by: ensuring that no participants were harmed physically or psychology and that the results were anonymous. Participants were not given fully-informed consent and were not debriefed as this would be too time consuming, but if a participant was to ask about our study they would have been told the true aim of the study and having their results omitted if they want to.We will accept our null hypothesis and reject our alternative hypothesis because our observed value (1.34) of chi-squared is lower than the critical value(3.841) and this means our results aren’t significant. Therefore the probability of our results being due to chance equal p

None Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

None - Assignment Example If any of the students is found hurting emotionally for several days because of a failure, a rejection, a bad mood, or any other reason, it means the student has got a psychological wound. And, it needs to be treated with emotional-first-aid techniques. Therefore, the method for emotional first aid is required to improve the teaching practices because it helps to analyze and treat the emotional pain of the students (Lunenburg & Ornstein, 2011). 3. Being an educator it is necessary that before giving emotional first aid to the students the technique should be practices for personal emotional hygiene. In order to improve the personal emotional hygiene, few steps can be taken for the emotional hygiene. These steps include: Attention towards the emotional pain, protection of the self-esteem, control over the negative thoughts, control over emotional bleeding, and knowledge about the impacts of physical wounds. Teaching also gives experience and ideas about the wide range of emotions and emotional pain. Thus, after personal emotional hygiene the steps should be practiced during teaching (Blase & Kirby, 1992). 1. A health-care professional Nadine Burke Harris stated childhood trauma and its impacts on life in long term. Herein, it should be noted that this is an important thing that must be considered by an early childhood educator. The reason is that the incidents that happen with any child in early age leave its footprints on the mind. These impacts are stronger than it could be in any age group. It is the reason due to which it is suggested that the childhood traumas should be handled and taken seriously to avoid the possible attitude problems in children. These childhood traumas impact on the cognitive approach to the children and it changes the behavior of the children. Therefore, the idealistic approach or practice for an early childhood educator is that these children who have been through any

Important current events comes to international economy Essay

Important current events comes to international economy - Essay Example For instance the United States was experiencing economic recession where the dollar lost value and this shook the economy as a whole. Life became expensive for Americans and businesses were greatly affected. This economic recession also affected the relations between the United States and other countries. William & Wayne (345) state that the Europe and the United States are very good partners hence a change in either the dollar and the Euro affects both countries. This is mainly because the two currencies are correlated hence a drop in value of either currencies will affect the other. The overall fall in the value of the dollar is also blamed on the political decisions that have been made. Political instability in the United States was mainly caused by the difference in political ideologies between the Democrats and the republicans. Racial discriminations was also to blame for the political unrest that led to the overall fall in the dollar. William & Wayne (267) point out that the large economies are interdependent. For this reason countries should be careful and ensure that the economic is stable enough to attract investors. A lot of investors pulled out from the United States and Europe because of the fluctuations in currencies. For instance China decided to invest in Africa to minimize their losses as the African economy was not affected by the fall in the dollar as Africa is a magical economy (William & Wayne, 209). Local Industries were greatly affected by this recession as America and Europe had to borrow to sustain its economy and this put them into debt. William & Wayne (459) outline that the United States mainly deals with agricultural products hence it feeds other counties such as Japan among others. On the other hand, Japan is made up of the manufacturing industry this shows that that one country cannot do without the other. In this case the fall in the dollar greatly affected the Japanese Yen. It is therefore important for all economies to

Financial audit Essay Example for Free

Financial audit Essay A deficiency in internal control exists when the design or operation of a control does not allow management or employees, in the normal course of performing their assigned functions, to prevent, or detect and correct, misstatements on a timely basis. A deficiency in design exists when (a) a control necessary to meet the control objective is missing, or (b) an existing control is not properly designed so that, even if the control operates as designed, the control objective would not be met. A deficiency in operation exists when a properly designed control does not operate as designed or when the person performing the control does not possess the necessary authority or competence to perform the control effectively. * Material weakness. A deficiency or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the entitys financial statements will not be prevented, or detected and corrected, on a timely basis. * Significant deficiency. A deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control that is less severe than a material weakness yet important enough to merit attention by those charged with governance. AU-C Â §265 also claims that the auditor should communicate to management at an appropriate level of responsibility, on a timely basis. in writing, significant deficiencies and material weaknesses that the auditor has communicated or intends to communicate to those charged with governance, unless it would be inappropriate to communicate directly to management in the circumstances. * in writing or orally, other deficiencies in internal control identified during the audit that have not been communicated to management by other parties and that, in the auditors professional judgment, are of sufficient importance to merit managements attention. If other deficiencies in internal control are communicated orally, the auditor should document the communication.

Hamlet’s Minor Characters :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

Hamlet’s Minor Characters Hamlet It is reasonable to wonder what Shakespeare had in mind while writing Hamlet. After all, Shakespeare wasn't a philosopher or historian, or even a literary critic. He was a playwright. He didn't leave us critical essays examining his work. It is left to us to examine his work and decide for ourselves, if we care to, what Shakespeare was thinking. Did he know that he was writing a drama of deep psychological significance, a play which would eventually be viewed and read the world over, produced many times over hundreds of years, taught in schools, and thought of as one of the world's greatest plays? I, for one, imagine him crossing the "t" in the last word of the play, putting down his pen, and saying "I hope it runs a year." Yet Hamlet is an extremely complex play. To appreciate the imagination which went into the creation of this tragedy, let's first delve into what is putatively Shakespeare's most complex tragedy, King Lear. Lear has three daughters: Cordelia, who is faithful and unappreciated by Lear, and Regan and Goneril who receive everything at his hands and betray him. These themes of misplaced love and filial betrayal are mirrored in the subplot of the play, the relationship between the Earl of Gloster and his two sons, Edmund, who is supported and approved by Gloster and betrays him, and Edgar, who unjustly becomes a fugitive from his father's wrath. The mirror is whole. In it we view Cordelia's reflection and see Edgar, while Regan's and Goneril's reflections, which are of one face, show us Edmund. In the main plot of Hamlet, Hamlet's father has been murdered. Hamlet swears revenge, but feign's madness and delays. In the subplot, the chamberlain, Polonius, is murdered by Hamlet. One of Polonius's children, Laertes, swears revenge, while the other, his daughter Ophelia, goes mad. Here, the mirror is cracked. Hamlet's reflection is splintered. We see one part of him, his revenge motive, in Laertes' action, and we see his pretended madness in Ophelia's piteous condition. More than this, Hamlet's image is dimmed compared to those of his counterparts. Hamlet speaks of revenge, but procrastinates; Laertes instantly raises and army and attacks the kingdom, but he must be satisfied over his father's murder. Hamlet only acts mad; Ophelia's madness is too real. Besides production, full-house ticket sales, and royalties-the playwright's typical goals, what was Shakespeare reaching for?

Broward County Library System

Libraries fulfill an important role in the society. They house books, journals and publications and make them available to the public. Through libraries, the advancement of knowledge is assured and people have a place to go to in securing important information for research and other purposes in securing information (Battles, 2004). Moreover, public libraries have evolved so that even the members of the community who are not in the universities would have access to the wealth of information contained in books, journals and magazines.Through this, the needs of the people for information would be addressed and literacy would spread further in the society. The United States has instituted its public library system, funded by government funds and accessible to the public. Although public libraries differ from scholarly and research libraries, they usually portray fiction and other works of popular significance. Public libraries are seen as necessary for the maintenance of a literate and i ntelligent population. Most often, they also offer internet access to the general public.In the experience of the US, the first public library was opened in Boston, Massachusetts in 1636. Even if there are problems in the funding of public libraries in the US, they are still performing an important role in the society. In fact, this year alone, a 15-branch library in Oregon was closed for six months. Back in 2004, the whole city of Salinas in California shut down its public library system. It managed to reopen in 2005 but with reduced operating hours (American Library Association (ALA), 2007).Even with these challenges, libraries are still important in ensuring the dissemination of information in the society. Broward County Library Broward County Library continues to fulfill its role of meeting the needs of people in securing information, education, and recreation. It is one of largest public library systems in the United States. Broward County library boasts of being the library wi th large area with 1. 3 million square feet. Furthermore, it offers the highest number of operating hours annually (Broward County Library Website, 2007).It also boasts of high income derived from its operations and services offered. It also has the largest collection of audio and video, as well as the greatest circulation of materials and highest number of library card holders. The number of computers available for staff and public use is the highest among public libraries in the US (Broward County Library Website, 2007). The Broward County Library was established in 1973 as a result of the efforts of library activists. It started out with $1. 5 million dollar budget, four branches, and 270,000 books as part of its collection.Now, it has several libraries under the system with its Main Library, the African-American Research Library and Cultural Center, the Alvin Sherman library, Research and Information Technology Center, five libraries in several regions and 29 other branches (Bro ward County Library Website, 2007). In keeping up with the challenges of modern technology, the Broward County Library, the library has established its own website so that people would be able to gain information through the Internet. With the use of the Internet, people can access information about the library remotely even without visiting the physical branches of the library.The African-American Research Library One of the important developments in the recent history of the Broward County Library is the establishment of the African-America Research Library. Although the Civil Rights Movement has accomplished a lot for African-Americans, information about the achievements and the ideals of the movement should still be disseminated and promoted all over the country. This library was conceptualized by Samuel Morrison, who dreamed to build a library about African-Americans. It would cater to the Broward community and to the broader world.This library was further inspired by Morrisonà ¢â‚¬â„¢s visit to the Auburn Research Library on African-American History and Culture. By the time of its founding, there were only two libraries dedicated to African-American history (The Story of AARLCC, 2007). The focus of the library is the cultural influence of the spread of African-Americans in the United States. In the mid-1990s, the library planned to be established was just a small library because of the lack of finances. In fact the budgetary requirement was short by $7 million dollars.Drawing upon the strength of the civil rights movement, Morrison drew upon the grassroots and involved the community in achieving his dreams for the library (The Story of AARLCC, 2007). Morrison literally went to the streets in order to mobilize support from the community. As such, the fundraising efforts became underway and the much needed additional millions came in through donations from corporations, church people, civic organizations and concerned citizens who believed in Morrisonâ€⠄¢s dreams (The Story of AARLCC, 2007).The fundraising campaign was followed by the establishment of the library building, taking note that the design and the ambience reflected African-American sensibilities. The collection of the library came about through the contributions of different people who shared the vision and the dream, starting with actress Esther Rolle who donated her personal possessions and other documents that showcased the civil rights movement and other African-American memorabilia.As such, by 2002, the African-American Library and Cultural Center stood as part of the Broward County Public Library System (The Story of AARLCC, 2007). Conclusion The Broward County Library is fulfilling its role in providing access to information to the residents of Broward County. Yet, it does more than that, through the establishment of African-American Library, it is also providing a testimony to the achievements of the civil rights movement, which is one of the major highlights o f American history.The County Library is therefore serving the community, not only in providing information contained in books, journals and other media. Rather, it is also providing appreciation of the segments of history through the African-American Library. It is a testimony to the commitment of the Broward County Library to its commitment to its population and to the United States as a whole. Lastly, public libraries, even though they may be struggling in making ends meet, should look for sources of funding in the same way that Morrison turned his dream to reality.Reference American Library Association. (2007). News reports of nationwide library funding impacts. Retrieved 30 Oct 2007 from http://www. ala. org/ala/news/libraryfunding/libraryfunding. htm. Battles, M. (2004). Library: An Unquiet History. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. Broward County Library Website (2007). Retrieved 31 October 2007 from http://www. broward. org/library/b. The AARLCC Story. (2007). Broward Coun ty Library. Retrieved 31 October 2007 from http://www. broward. org/library/aarlcc_story. htm.

Maths Trick Chapter 1

Lesson1 Lesson1 These lessons are based on Vedic Maths† principles and other maths tricks. These principles are general in nature and can be applied in many ways and very very useful in commercial arthematics. I hope all of you like these lessons and make your calculation more fast and save lot of time in daily calculations and examinations or any entrance test like CAT /IIT /BANK PO /ENGINEERING ENTRANCE TEST/PMT /MCA ENTRANCE TEST/MBA ENTRANCE TEST etc etc Method for multiplying numbers where the first figures are same and the last figures add to1 0 . 42 x 48 = Both numbers here start with 4 and the last igures (2 and 8) add up to 10. just multiply 4 by 5 (the next number up) to get 20 for the first part of the answer. And we multiply the last figures: 2 x 8 = 16 to get the last part of the answer Method for multiplying numbers where the first figures add up 10 and the last figures are same 44X64 Here first figures are 4 and 6 and their add up 10 and unit figures of both numb er are same Just multiplying the last figures 4Ãâ€"4=16 Put it at right hand side Again multiplying the first figures and add common degit(4Ãâ€"6 )+4=24+4=28 put it at left hand side Now we get required answer2816Similarly 36Ãâ€"76 , 6X6 =36 right hand side , (3Ãâ€"7)+6= 21+6=27 left hand side Required answer is 2736 NOTE If multiplication of last figures is less than 10 add zero before unit digit Ex 81Ãâ€"21 , 1Ãâ€"1=01,( 8Ãâ€"2)+1= 16+1=17 Required answer 1701 Method for multiplying numbers where the first number†s add up10 and and the second number's digits are same 46X55 Here first number's add up is 10 and second number â€Å"s digits are common i. e 5 Just multiplying last figures of both numbers 6Ãâ€"5 =30 put it at right hand side Again multiplying first figures of both numbers and add common digit of second number (4Ãâ€"5)+5 =20+5 =25 put it left hand sideRequired answer is 2530 ( If multiplication is in unit in first step add zero before it) file:///D|/Docu ments%20and%20Settings/sanjay/Desktop/maths%20tricks/lesson1ur20. htm (1 of 3)6/25/2003 4:00:19 PM Lesson1 Multiplying numbers just over 100. 108 x 109 = 11772 The answer is in two parts: 117 and 72, 117 is just 108 + 9 (or 109 + 8), and 72 is just 8 x 9. Similarly 107 x 106 = 11342 HOW USEFUL IS THIS CALCULATION! EXAMPLE 1 Compute the amount and the compound intrest on Rs 10000. 00 on 2. years at4%per annum. Now 4Ãâ€"4=16 and 4+4=8 put 10 it becomes Rs 10816. 00 How simple ! o calculation no extra time ! Practice Test 1 Solve mentally these questions Note down your calculation time by watch (Suggested time 90 seconds) 22 X 28 35 X 35 48 X 42 73 X 33 12 X 92 48 X 28 28 X 22 37 X 88 91 X 66 118 X105 109 X108 112 X106 91 X 99 33 X 37 55X55 Now check your answer with the help of a calculator Back Home Next file:///D|/Documents%20and%20Settings/sanjay/Desktop/maths%20tricks/lesson1ur20. htm (2 of 3)6/25/2003 4:00:19 PM Lesson1 file:///D|/Documents%20and%20Settings/sanjay/Desktop/maths% 20tricks/lesson1ur20. htm (3 of 3)6/25/2003 4:00:19 PM

Free Essays on Myelodysplastic Syndrome

MYELODYSPLATIC SYNDROMS AFTER BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION Background Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is the name given to a group of closely related diseases that arise in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells. (Myelo refers to bone marrow and dysplasia means abnormal) (1). MDS can affect RBC, WBC, and platelets. Each year between 10,000 to 20,000 new cases of MDS are diagnosed in the United States, in patients with a median age of 70, although people of any age can develop the disease (2). The syndrome may develop de novo or secondary after treatment with chemotherapy and / or radiation therapy for other diseases. Secondary MDS accounts for about a quarter of the cases now diagnosed. Studies have suggested that treatment induced MDS is a frequent complication of potentially curative bone marrow transplant (3). Hematopoietic stem cells are produced in the bone marrow and mature into functioning cells(1). MDS arises when one of these stem cells undergoes a transformation from a normal cell into a malignant cell, leading to uncontrollable proliferation. The malignant cell begins producing identical copies of it self, or clones; these clonal cells malfunction, in part, because different parts of the cell (the nucleus and the cytoplasm) mature at different rates (4). The dysplastic clones are incapable of maturing into functional adult cells, and over time the dysplastic cells may fill the bone marrow, and displacing the normal RBC, WBC, and platelets that are produced in the bone marrow(1). As the number of health cells decline, patients may be prone to life threatening conditions such as anemia, leukopena and Thrombocytopenia (4). Case: MJ is a 54 year old Hispanic male with a past medical history of Acute Myeloid Leukemia status post autologous Bone marrow transplant, at Georgetown University Hospital Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center in 2002, presented to Howard University Hospital with a chief complain of Sho... Free Essays on Myelodysplastic Syndrome Free Essays on Myelodysplastic Syndrome MYELODYSPLATIC SYNDROMS AFTER BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION Background Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is the name given to a group of closely related diseases that arise in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells. (Myelo refers to bone marrow and dysplasia means abnormal) (1). MDS can affect RBC, WBC, and platelets. Each year between 10,000 to 20,000 new cases of MDS are diagnosed in the United States, in patients with a median age of 70, although people of any age can develop the disease (2). The syndrome may develop de novo or secondary after treatment with chemotherapy and / or radiation therapy for other diseases. Secondary MDS accounts for about a quarter of the cases now diagnosed. Studies have suggested that treatment induced MDS is a frequent complication of potentially curative bone marrow transplant (3). Hematopoietic stem cells are produced in the bone marrow and mature into functioning cells(1). MDS arises when one of these stem cells undergoes a transformation from a normal cell into a malignant cell, leading to uncontrollable proliferation. The malignant cell begins producing identical copies of it self, or clones; these clonal cells malfunction, in part, because different parts of the cell (the nucleus and the cytoplasm) mature at different rates (4). The dysplastic clones are incapable of maturing into functional adult cells, and over time the dysplastic cells may fill the bone marrow, and displacing the normal RBC, WBC, and platelets that are produced in the bone marrow(1). As the number of health cells decline, patients may be prone to life threatening conditions such as anemia, leukopena and Thrombocytopenia (4). Case: MJ is a 54 year old Hispanic male with a past medical history of Acute Myeloid Leukemia status post autologous Bone marrow transplant, at Georgetown University Hospital Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center in 2002, presented to Howard University Hospital with a chief complain of Sho...

Discuss attitudes towards health and illness and the effect these Essay

Discuss attitudes towards health and illness and the effect these would have on your work as a practising nurse - Essay Example ealth and illness and use of a specific set of ideals has â€Å"important clinical implications.† An ideal is the motivational standard by which to evaluate our goals and our reasons for pursuing these goals. The â€Å"goal is the what; the ideal is the why.† (â€Å"The Edgar Cayce Primer,† Bantam Books, New York 1982.) The ideal attitude gives people a greater sense of purpose and meaning in life, making them look at illness as more of a challenge than a tragedy. Those bereft of such a lofty ideal are prone to depression and self-condemnation in the face of disease which provokes fear in them and a feeling of being victimized by something outside and beyond their control. This attitude of weakness and surrender stunts a person’s psychological initiative and weakens his/her will power to render healing more difficult and painful. Our thoughts, feelings, behavior and purpose in life contribute a great deal to health or illness, Edgar Cayce declares. To develop the ideal attitude for combating disease, we have to take some degree of responsibility for our situation by defining a course of action that takes all aspects of our experience – spiritual, mental and physical – into consideration. People who are able to make such an attitude adjustment feel more empowered to deal with their illness. (â€Å"Meditation and the Mind of Man,† H.B. Puryear & M.A. Thurston, A.R.E. Press, Virginia Beach 1987.) Functionalists believe that attitudes are â€Å"enduring systems.† Once attitude is acquired, it becomes virtually impervious to change. The reason is, attitudes serve a particular motivational function related to the ego and to change them you need to change what motivates the individual as well. This school of thought moreover holds the view that an attitude change is made more difficult by the fact that what lies behind motivation is usually unknown even to the individual as it often exists in the subconscious level. If attitudes toward health and

Financial management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Financial management - Assignment Example In a perfect market, it is assumed that no taxes are imposed and interest rates are derived by the market demand and supply function (Layton, Robinson & Tucker 2012, p. 895). If we consider a perfect competition in the market, an investor would be indifferent of the capital structures followed by each firm. The M&M theory suggests that in a tax-free economy, capital structure becomes irrelevant to the value of the firm. Some assumptions that the theory makes include: Investors are concerned about the returns or future cash inflows. Hence, they expect the same whether the investment is made in bonds or equity. As a result, investors would make decisions based on the firm’s value. Debt and equity components are traded in perfect markets, such that the transaction costs, taxes and bankruptcy costs are nil. Competitors, in a perfect competition market cannot set their own price for similar product offerings. Moreover, investors do not bear the burden of transaction costs leading to their indifference to moving funds from one company to the other. Keeping an eye on the above discussion, it can be concluded that investors would go for an geared company if they are interested in the investment returns. In the case provided, Aguia seems to be a more lucrative opportunity for the investors. Aguia, being a geared company will have lower cost of capital and have higher expected returns in future. Since, it was assumed and provided above that investors are only concerned about the future cash flows, a rational investor would prefer a geared firm i.e. Aguia over the un-geared firm i.e. Pomba, in our case. In addition, a rational investor can make decision on future prospects and plans of the management. Let’s assume that Pomba plans to switch toward debt financing, it might be a more attractive option compared to Aguia as it has higher profit margins comparatively. Hence, financing arrangements in a

What were the major foreign policy issues of the 1950s Justify your Essay

What were the major foreign policy issues of the 1950s Justify your response by addressing the significance of each. (Do not just list them) - Essay Example The Truman Doctrine was created by President Truman in 1947. Although this policy was created before the 1950’s, the substance of the Truman Doctrine helped create the Containment Policy. The Truman Doctrine basically â€Å"provided an ideological shield to permit U.S. aid to pro-capitalist, and presumably anti-communist, nations† (Bacevich, 2007: 8). This allowed for the U.S. to become partially involved in Vietnam in 1950, and then escalate to an outright war. The Marshall Plan was created in 1947. This policy was created before the 1950’s, but helped post-WWII countries rebuild their economies in an effort to stop communism from spreading farther into Western Europe. Billions of American dollars were spent on economic support to help countries return to their economy before the war. It also served to unify the Western European countries and the United States as allies. The Americans offered money from the Marshall Plan (knowing the Soviets would not accept), but as expected the Soviets refused. This refusal created the division in Western and Eastern Europe (Hook and Spanier, 2006: 59). The Iron Curtain fell in Europe, but Western Europe was economically stable through the Marshall Plan. The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan had common goals of stopping communism. These measures were the foundation for the Containment Policy. The Containment Policy was a policy of stopping communism at all cost. If this meant setting up a puppet government under U.S. influence, so be it. The main goal was to fight communism, not consider what was best for the local population. The U.S. could not imagine a world of peaceful coexistence with the Soviets. Communism was a threat to the foundation of democracy according to the U.S. government. The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan had stopped the flow of communism, but when China fell

Assignment - Brain Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

- Brain Research - Assignment Example In determining if any links exist between brain function and learning ability, researchers have long hoped to be able to recommend certain curricular changes to help better reach students based upon their unique brain functions (Sousa & Tomlinson, 2011). The intent of this brief paper, therefore, is to identify the recent discoveries in the field of neuroscience, apply those to the learning process and differentiation, and to develop teaching strategies to accommodate this new information. Recent Discoveries in Neuroscience Recent years have bought some interesting new innovations in the field of neuroscience. In 2012, for example, researchers were able to begin isolating certain thoughts as they occurred in the brain. It is now possible to identify specific words and thoughts in the brain, isolate them, and be able to observe up to two different conscious thoughts at the same time. This is a sense of multitasking, and neuroscience now makes it possible to learn how this process occu rs in the human brain, as well as that of certain animals closely related to us, such as the chimpanzee. This thought process is similar to the computer, which creates even more possibilities of using neuroscience for technological, as well as educational, advancements in the future. The new discoveries, as mentioned, are having great impact on technology. In 2012, by way of example, neuroscience helped a human in a vegetative state for more than 12 years be able to communicate once again. The individual was trapped inside his own body, in pain, but unable to communicate or even move. By mapping the brain, the individual was able to begin communicating to doctors through brain mapping techniques discussed in the previous paragraph. Because of this, he was able to communicate for the first time in 12 years, providing great hope that neuroscience would be able to help bring brain mapping to the forefront of communication in the future. The Learning Process and Differentiation Let us c onsider individuals with dyslexia. In years past, it was often difficult to diagnose such individuals. They were simply considered low performing readers. As such, these individuals were often frustrated because they could not determine for themselves why they could perform well in most others areas of life, yet reading became so difficult. By implementing neuroscience in the equation, however, the learning process was enhanced as educators were able to determine what exactly was taking place in people whose brain simply reversed the letters in certain words. Once this was determined, it became possible to work within the disorder, developing strategies of differentiation, all the while enabling the individual to begin to read effectively and limit their frustration (Goswami, 2006, p. 408). Neuroscience has truly revolutionized the learning process and the way that differentiation is utilized within the classroom. Differentiation has long been used in many classroom as a way of prov iding all students in the class with the same material, but delivered in multiple ways. Educational theorists over the years have discovered that some students process information, construct ideas, and make sense of new concepts in different ways. Some of these methods have long been a mystery to many teachers, yet differentiation was utilized in an attempt to reach as many

Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) Effect on Exchange Rate

Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) Effect on Exchange Rate Brent J. Sackett Referee Report 3: Copelovitch, M. S., Pevehouse, J. C. (2013). Ties that Bind? Preferential Trade Agreements and Exchange Rate Policy Choice. International Studies Quarterly, 57(2): 385-399 Summary This paper assesses the effect of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on exchange rate policies. When a country joins a PTA, the government’s ability to employ trade protection is constrained. This increases incentives to maintain fiscal and monetary autonomy in order to manipulate its domestic political economy. One way to do this is by implementing a flexible exchange rate policy. The authors argue that a PTA with a nation’s â€Å"base† country (the country to whom they have traditionally fixed their currency, or a country where they have extensive trade ties), makes a country less likely to adopt a fixed exchange rate. In addition, this paper argues that countries who have signed a base PTA will also tend to maintain an undervalued exchange rate level. Using an original data set of 99 countries from 1975 to 2004, the authors find empirical support for their argument. Evaluation My overall impression of this article is positive. In fact, I would say this article will be excellent after a few methodological problems are corrected. The paper clearly identifies a research question and provides an important insight that expands our understanding of exchange rate policy. However, I will present some comments and recommendations for improvement. Comment 1 (Theory and Causal Mechanism) In general, the theory and hypotheses are clearly presented and easy to understand. However, one part of the theoretical link between PTAs and exchange rate policy is missing and should be discussed more thoroughly. This may simply be a matter of terminology, or it may indicate a missing link in the causal chain. The authors assert that â€Å"PTAs generally commit members to more extensive free trade (2).† This seems to indicate the causal mechanism behind the story: PTAs tie the hands of governments who want to employ trade protection, so they resort to exchange rate policy instead of tariffs or other means. However, PTAs are not all the same in the way they constrain behavior regarding trade protection (Baccini, Dà ¼r, Elsig Milewicz, 2011, Kucik, 2012). While the authors note substantial cross-national variation in PTA participation, the discussion of variation in the PTAs themselves is inadequate. PTAs are not homogenous and actually vary substantially. Baccini et al. and Kucik both explain that variation in PTA design and implementation goes far beyond simple â€Å"free-trade† protections to include intellectual property, investments, enforcement, and even significantly differing tariff levels and exemptions. Is the paper’s theory based on free-trade commitments generally or PTAs specifically? In footnote 9 on page 4, the authors state that GATT/WTO membership had no influence on exchange rate choice even though in theory it should constrain trade policy choice in the same way a PTA does. This leads to some confusion about the causal mechanism that needs to be clarifi ed. What exactly is the causal mechanism within PTA participation and why does it fail in other commitments to free trade? In addition, I would like to know if the large variation in PTA design effects the causal mechanism. These questions need to be answered to clarify the argument. I have a second concern regarding the assumptions behind the theory. For the causal mechanism to work, the nation must feel pressure to comply with trade restrictions in the PTA. Otherwise, there is no incentive to use exchange rate policy to circumvent the PTA. However, others research has shown that compliance with international agreements is not straightforward and the intention to comply cannot be assumed (Simmons, 1998). Some nations may join PTAs with no intention to comply at all. Others may sign a PTA because they already intended to behave in accordance with the free trade commitments anyway. In either case, the causal mechanism of the paper is undermined. If Simmons and others are correct, a PTA may not provide the restraint the authors assume it does. Although a thorough discussion of compliance is not necessary, I would like to see it mentioned at least briefly. Both of these comments lead to some concerns about the data. Comment 2 (Data) I have two comments regarding the data. The first is a concern about potential measurement errors that follows from my questions about the causal mechanism. The primary explanatory variable BasePTA uses the PTA dataset based on Mansfield et al. (2007). However, the data include significant heterogeneity in the likely causal mechanism (free trade commitments) that is not measured properly. Kucik notes that: â€Å"At one end of the design spectrum, roughly 25% of all PTAs grant their members full discretion over the use of escape clauses, imposing very few if any regulations relating to the enforcement of the contract’s flexibility system. At the other end, no less than 27% of PTAs place strict limits on (or entirely forbid) the use of flexibility (2012, 97).† If this is true, a highly flexible PTA may actually be similar to an observation without a PTA at all. A more refined measurement of the causal mechanism than simple PTA participation may be needed. My second concern regarding the data is related to selection effects. Countries do not join PTAs randomly. For example, democracies are more likely to participate in PTAs (Mansfield, Milner, and Rosendorff, 2002). In addition, there may be other unobserved reasons that individual countries decide to enter into PTAs especially with their base country. I would like to see a more detailed discussion regarding selection effects and perhaps some statistical method to test for it such as a Heckman model. Comment 3 (Methodology) Two problems with endogeneity in the models need to be address. One of the primary dependent variables, Undervaluation, is calculated using GDP per capita (5) to control for the fact that non-tradable goods tend to be cheaper in poorer countries. This is problematic when GDP per capita is also used as an explanatory variable in models 3 and 4 as shown in Table 4. A model using the same variable on both sides of the equation potentially causes problems. This is especially problematic considering the limitations of the other variable capturing the concept of undervaluation REER. According to the authors, REER fails to capture the concept at all! REER â€Å"†¦does not actually indicate whether a currency is over- or undervalued†¦ (5).† It only measures changes in the exchange rate relative to the baseline year. The variable Undervaluation was added to correct this shortcoming, but is hampered by endogeneity. The combination of these two factors may be why the findings about exchange rate levels are not definitive. Another form of endogeneity sneaks into the authors’ model. Beaulieu, Cox, Saiegh (2012) illustrate that GDP per capita and regime types are endogenous. High levels of GDP per capita may simply be an indication of long term democratic government. When both variables are included in models predicting exchange rate policy, the resulting coefficients may be incorrect. The models reported in Tables 2 4 include both GDP per capita (log) as well as democracy (POLITY2) and result in inconsistent levels of statistical significance for both variables. This endogeneity should be addressed using a proxy or other methods. I also have a minor concern with omitted variable bias. Bernhard, et al. (2002) emphasize that Exchange rate policy and Central Bank Independence (CBI) cannot be studied in isolation. They have potentially overlapping effects and measurements of both need to be included in a model explaining monetary policy. I recommend incorporating an additional variable that measures CBI. My final concern with methodology has to do with the operationalization of the concept of democratic institutions. The authors briefly note that domestic political institutions influence exchange rate policy. Specifically, the nature of the electoral process and interest group influence can result in variations in exchange rate policy (for example, Moore Mukherjee 2006; Mukherjee, Bagozzi, and Joo 2014). In addition, Bearce (2014) shows that democracies manipulate exchange rate policy to appease domestic groups without regard to PTAs. To control for this, the authors use the Polity2 variable and two export composition variables. However the composite measurement of democracy fails to account for the variation in political institutions (such as parliamentary systems) that have been found causal in influencing exchange rate policy. In addition, the variables Mfg Exports and Ag Exports fail to account for an interest group’s ability to influence policy. To fully control for demo cratic institutions, the authors need to identify the relevant democratic institutions and use a variable to capture those institutions. The Polity2 composite is inadequate. Comment 4 (Discussion and Implications): My first comment about the discussion is positive. I think the model extension to capture the interaction effects between BasePTA and Base Trade is excellent and insightful. In particular, Figure 1 is very well done and clearly illustrates this effect. However, the rest of the discussion of the findings is overshadowed by the data and methodological problems. In particular, the comment about the â€Å"noisy (12)† nature of the findings regarding exchange rate levels seems like a cop-out. I would rather see the methodology strengthened instead of excuses (although to be fair, exchange rate levels are indeed noisy). Smaller issues The general structure of the paper is solid and the writing is clear, but I have some comments regarding minor issues that could improve the impact of this paper. Comment 1 (Primary Dependent Variable discussion): I am concerned by the comment that the potential measurements of the dependent variable (Exchange Rate Regime) differ in methodology and yield â€Å"†¦ quite different classifications across countries and over time (5).† This caused a red flag and left me concerned initially. Valid and reliable measurement of this variable is essential to properly test the hypothesis. I recommend rewording this and explaining more simply from the start why this variation exists and why it does not threaten the model. Comment 2 (Inflation Variable discussion) The inflation variable (6) uses two sources to account for missing observations (World Bank and IMF). I am concerned that the measurement methodology may not be exactly the same and could introduce bias when the observations are combined. A brief sentence or two covering the compatibility between the two sources would eliminate this concern. Recommendation to the editor Revisions required: This paper will make a strong contribution to the literature with some revisions. My biggest concern has to do with the causal mechanism and how the concept is captured in the primary explanatory variable. Explaining this in more detail and addressing the other issues will make this paper ready for publication. References Beaulieu, E., Cox, G. and Saiegh, S. (2012). Sovereign Debt and Regime Type: Reconsidering the Democratic Advantage. International Organization, 66(04): 709-738 Baccini, Leonardo, Andreas Dà ¼r, Manfred Elsig and Karolina Milewicz (2011). â€Å"The Design of Preferential Trade Agreements: A New Dataset in the Making†, WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2011-10 Bearce, David (2014). A Political Explanation for Exchange-Rate Regime Gaps. The Journal of Politics, 76(1): 58–72 Bernhard, William, J. Lawrence Broz, and William Roberts Clark (2002). The Political Economy of Monetary Institutions. International Organization, 5: 693-723 J Lawrence Broz and Seth Werfel (2014). Exchange Rates and Industry Demands for Trade Protection. International Organization, 68(02):393–416 Kucik, Jeffrey (2012). The Domestic Politics of Institutional Design: Producer Preferences over Trade Agreement Rules. Economics Politics 24(2):95–118 Mansfield, Edward, Helen Milner, and Jon Pevehouse. (2007). Vetoing Co-operation: The Impact of Veto Players on Preferential Trade Agreements. British Journal of Political Science 37: 403–432. Mansfield, Edward, Helen Milner, and Peter Rosendorff (2002). Why Democracies Cooperate More: Electoral Control and International Trade Agreements International Organization, 56(3): 477-513 Moore, Will and Bumba Mukherjee (2006). Coalition Government Formation and Foreign Exchange Markets: Theory and Evidence from Europe. International Studies Quarterly, 50(1):93–118 Mukherjee, Bumba, Benjamin Bagozzi, and Minhyung Joo (2014). Foreign Currency Liabilities, Party Systems and Exchange Rate Overvaluation. IPES Conference Paper 1–44 Simmons, Beth (1998) Compliance with International Agreements. Annual Review of Political Science 1:75-93

SWOT, PEST, Product Lifecycle, Boston Matrix and the Ansoff Matrix: Mar

SWOT, PEST, Product Lifecycle, Boston Matrix and the Ansoff Matrix: Marketing Models Analysis Marketing strategies/models In this objective I will be analysing the different marketing models and evaluating their reliability. The marketing models I will evaluate will be SWOT and PEST analysis, the product life cycle, the Boston Matrix and the Ansoff Matrix. SWOT and PEST analysis In the previous objective, I analysed SWOT and PEST of Cadbury. These enabled me to gain insight into the external and internal influences that may arise which may either be beneficial or cause problems for the launch of my product. Product life cycle The product life cycle shows the sales of a product over time. To be able to market a product, Cadbury must be aware of the product life cycle of its products. The cycle can be demonstrated as below: Introduction Following planning and development, the product is introduced onto the market. This stage includes characteristics such as: Low initial sales, due to limited knowledge and no consumer loyalty Heavy promotion to build brand image and consumer confidence Losses (low profits at best) due to heavy development and promotion costs Limited distribution levels, but high stockholding for the manufacturer Growth At this stage, consumer knowledge and loyalty has grown, and the company increases sales and begins to make profits. There may be a growing number of competitors who may introduce similar products or adapt their price and promotion policies. Maturity The maturity phase is where the profits and sales reach their peak. Profits are being maximised, but the firm has to fight to defend its market position. Sales are maintained by promotion, customer loyalty and product differentiation through alternations such as new packaging. At the end of this stage, the market becomes saturated. Decline This stage is where total sales fall for the company. To make up for this, the company may reduce prices, cutting into its profit margin. This is the end of the product and its life cycle. The table below shows examples of where some of Cadbury’s products lie in the product life cycle. Stage Example Introduction Snaps Growth Under 99 calorie range (Dairy milk) Maturity Dairy Milk, Twirl, Flake Decline Fuse The table shows that most of Cadburys products ... ... to get new people to try the product and existing customers to buy more. The company should therefore use market expansion. In the decline stage, the company should try to re-launch the product, which would be using product or market expansion. Market penetration could be used if a successful product was being re-launched to increase the company’s market share, but this would not work if the product were a dog. The marketing models can be influenced other factors and research. Cadbury’s competitors may affect the company’s use of the Ansoff Matrix. The model is used to analyse the strategic direction of a product, and if a product was placed in the market expansion, which has medium risk strategy, and competitors also released a similar product in this section, there will be a higher risk strategy, which will affect the product’s performance and position in both the Boston matrix and the product life cycle. My questionnaire told me there was a gap in the market for my product, and my SWOT analysis reinforced this. This then tells me that my product should do well as a question mark, in the introduction stage of the product life cycle and as product expansion. SWOT, PEST, Product Lifecycle, Boston Matrix and the Ansoff Matrix: Mar SWOT, PEST, Product Lifecycle, Boston Matrix and the Ansoff Matrix: Marketing Models Analysis Marketing strategies/models In this objective I will be analysing the different marketing models and evaluating their reliability. The marketing models I will evaluate will be SWOT and PEST analysis, the product life cycle, the Boston Matrix and the Ansoff Matrix. SWOT and PEST analysis In the previous objective, I analysed SWOT and PEST of Cadbury. These enabled me to gain insight into the external and internal influences that may arise which may either be beneficial or cause problems for the launch of my product. Product life cycle The product life cycle shows the sales of a product over time. To be able to market a product, Cadbury must be aware of the product life cycle of its products. The cycle can be demonstrated as below: Introduction Following planning and development, the product is introduced onto the market. This stage includes characteristics such as: Low initial sales, due to limited knowledge and no consumer loyalty Heavy promotion to build brand image and consumer confidence Losses (low profits at best) due to heavy development and promotion costs Limited distribution levels, but high stockholding for the manufacturer Growth At this stage, consumer knowledge and loyalty has grown, and the company increases sales and begins to make profits. There may be a growing number of competitors who may introduce similar products or adapt their price and promotion policies. Maturity The maturity phase is where the profits and sales reach their peak. Profits are being maximised, but the firm has to fight to defend its market position. Sales are maintained by promotion, customer loyalty and product differentiation through alternations such as new packaging. At the end of this stage, the market becomes saturated. Decline This stage is where total sales fall for the company. To make up for this, the company may reduce prices, cutting into its profit margin. This is the end of the product and its life cycle. The table below shows examples of where some of Cadbury’s products lie in the product life cycle. Stage Example Introduction Snaps Growth Under 99 calorie range (Dairy milk) Maturity Dairy Milk, Twirl, Flake Decline Fuse The table shows that most of Cadburys products ... ... to get new people to try the product and existing customers to buy more. The company should therefore use market expansion. In the decline stage, the company should try to re-launch the product, which would be using product or market expansion. Market penetration could be used if a successful product was being re-launched to increase the company’s market share, but this would not work if the product were a dog. The marketing models can be influenced other factors and research. Cadbury’s competitors may affect the company’s use of the Ansoff Matrix. The model is used to analyse the strategic direction of a product, and if a product was placed in the market expansion, which has medium risk strategy, and competitors also released a similar product in this section, there will be a higher risk strategy, which will affect the product’s performance and position in both the Boston matrix and the product life cycle. My questionnaire told me there was a gap in the market for my product, and my SWOT analysis reinforced this. This then tells me that my product should do well as a question mark, in the introduction stage of the product life cycle and as product expansion.